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| agreement to participate in research after receiving information about the purposes of the study and the nature of the treatments |
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| the philosophy (and school of psychology) that asserts that people are conscious, self-aware, and capable of free choice, self-fulfillment, and ethical behavior |
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| the school of psychology, founded by William James, that emphasizes the uses or functions of the mind |
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| the school of psychology that emphasizes the tendency to organize perceptions into wholes, to integrate separate stimuli into meaningful patterns |
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| a cognitively oriented learning theory in which observational learning and person variables such as values and expectancies play major roles in individual differences. |
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| a complete group of organisms or events |
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| a carefully drawn biography that may be obtained through interviews, questionnaires, psychological tests, and, sometimes, historical records |
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| (1) in gestalt psychology, the sudden perception of relationships among elements of the perceptual field, allowing the sudden solution of a problem; (2) in psychotherapy, awareness of one's genuine motives and feelings |
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| in psychological measurement, consistency |
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| the school of psychology, founded by Sigmund Freud, that emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and conflicts as determinants of human behavior. also the name of Freud's methods of psychotherapy and clinical investigation |
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| descriptive of Freud's view that various forces move within the personality, frequently clashing, and that the outcome of these clashes determines behavior |
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| a method for determining the reliability of a test by comparing (correlating) test takers' scores on separate occasions |
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| the school of psychology that defines psychology as the study of observable behavior and investigates the relationships between stimuli and responses |
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| a number ranging from +1.00 to -1.00 that expresses the strength and direction (positive or negative) of the relationship between two variables |
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| the degree to which a test or instrument measures or predicts what it is supposed to measure or predict |
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| a relationship between variables in which one variable increases as the other variable also increases |
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| latin for "little man." a homunculus within the brain was once thought to govern human behavior |
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| a relationship between two variables in which one variable increases as the other variable decreases |
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| a type of average defined as the score beneath which 50% of the cases fall |
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| a type of average defined as the most frequently occurring score in a distribution |
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| research conducted without concern for immediate applications |
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| a graphic presentation of a normal distribution, showing a bell shape |
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| a type of average calculated by dividing the sum of scores by the number of scores |
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| a measure of variability; the distance between extreme measures of scores in a distribution |
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| experimental. emphasizing or based on observation and measurement, in contrast to theory and deduction |
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| a method for obtaining scientific evidence in which a hypothesis is formed and tested |
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| an assumption about behavior that is tested through research |
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| the branch of statistics concerned with the confidence with which conclusions drawn about samples may be extended to the populations from which they were drawn |
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| a definition of a variable in terms of the methods used to create or measure the variable |
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| a sample drawn in such manner that every member of a population has an equal chance of being selected |
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| a sample drawn in such a way that known subgroups within a population are represented in proportion to their numbers in the population |
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| a systematic interaction between a therapist and a client that brings psychological principles to bear on influencing the client's thoughts, feelings, or behaviors to help that client overcome psychological disorders or adjust to problems in living |
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| research conducted in an effort to find solutions to particular problems |
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| a fixed, conventional idea about a group |
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| a measure of an assumed effect of an independent variable. an outcome measure in a scientific study |
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| a condition in a scientific study that is manipulated so that in effects may be observed |
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| an objective approach to describing one's mental content |
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| a bogus treatment that controls for the effects of expectations. a so-called sugar pill |
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| the school of psychology, founded by Wilhelm Wundt, that argues that the mind consists of three basic elements-sensations, feelings, and images-that combine to form experience |
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| the science that studies behavior and mental processes |
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| the view that organisms are motivated to learn to engage in behaviors that have the effect of reducing drives |
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| an approach to thinking characterized by skepticism and thoughtful analysis of statements and arguments-for example, probing arguments' premises and the definitions of terms |
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| contemporary followers of Freud who focus less on the roles of unconscious impulses and more on conscious choice and self-direction |
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| studying the connections between biological processes, behavior, and mental processes. |
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| studying the connections between biological processes, behavior, and mental processes. |
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| studying the effects of experience on behavior. learning is the essential factor in describing, explaining, predicting, and controlling behavior |
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1. argumentum ad hominem (arguments directed to the person)
2. argumentum ad baculum (appeals to force)
3. argumentum ad verecundiam (appeals to authority)
4. argumentum ad populum (appeals to popularity)
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| a group characterized by common features such as cultural heritage, history, race, and language |
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| a measure of the range of variation from an average of a group of measurements. 68% of all measurements fall within one standard deviation of the average. 95% of all measurements fall within two standard deviations of the average. |
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| describe the population taking the test; the most common descriptive statistics include mean, mode, medium, standard deviation and range; they are also known as the measures of central tendency. |
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| a bias in the results of sex surveys that arises when some people refuse to participate, so that those who are in the sample are volunteers who may in some ways differ from those who refuse to participate. |
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