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chapter 12
voab
24
Biology
9th Grade
10/04/2009

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Term
transformation
Definition
process in which on strain of bacteria is changed by gene or genes from another strain of bacteria
Term
bacteriophage
Definition
virus that infects bacteria
Term
nucleotide
Definition
monomer of nucleic acids made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
Term
base pairing
Definition
principle that bonds in DNA can form only between adenine and thymine and between guanine and cytosine
Term
chromation
Definition
granular material visible within the nucleus; consists of DNA tightly coiled around proteins
Term
histone
Definition
protein molecule around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin
Term
replication
Definition
copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA
Term
DNA polymerase
Definition
enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA molecule
Term
gene
Definition
sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait
Term
messenger RNA (mRNA)
Definition
RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell
Term
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Definition
type of RNA that makes up the major part of ribosomes
Term
transfer RNA (tRNA)
Definition
type of RNA molecule that transfers amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis
Term
transcription
Definition
process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into a complementary sequence in RNA
Term
RNA polymerase
Definition
enzyme similar to DNA polymerase that binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands during transcription
Term
promoter
Definition
region of DNA that indicates to an enzyme where to bind to make RNA
Term
intron
Definition
sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein
Term
exon
Definition
expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein
Term
codon
Definition
three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid
Term
translation
Definition
decoding of a mRNA message into a polypeptide chain
Term
anticodon
Definition
group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon
Term
mutation
Definition
change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information
Term
point mutation
Definition
gene mutation involving changes in one or a few nucleotides
Term
frameshift mutation
Definition
mutation that shifts the “reading” frame of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide
Term
polyploidy
Definition
condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes
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