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| an indivuals characteristic style of behaving, thinking, and feeling |
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What are explanations of personality differences concerned with?
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1) prior events that can shape an individuals personality or
2) anticipated events that might motivate the person to reveal particular personality characteristics. |
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| a series of answers to a questionnair that asks people to indicate the extent to which sets of statements or adjectives accurately describe their own behavior or mental state |
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Mennesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)
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| a well-researched, clinical questionnaire used to assess personality and psychological problems |
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| Another tool for evaluating personality. Consist of a standard series of ambiguous stimuli designed to elicity unique responses that reveal inner aspects of an individuals life. |
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| A projective personality test in which individual interpretations of the meaning of a set of unstructured inkblots are analyzed to identify a respondents inner feelings and interpret his or jer personality structure |
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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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| is a projective personality test in which respondents reveal underlying motives, concerns, and the way they see the social world through the stories they make up about ambiguous pictures of people. |
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| a relatively stable disposition to behave in a particular and consistent way. |
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| Sugessted that traits relfect motives. |
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Big Five- the traits of the five-factor model
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Openness to experience
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Aagreeablness
Neuroticism |
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| Personality is formed by needs, strivings, and desires largely operating outside of awareness--motives that can produce emotional disorders |
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| an active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the person's deepest instincts and desires, and the person's inner struggle to control these forces |
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the part of the mind containing the drives present at birth; is is the source of our bodily needs, wants, desires, and impulses, particularly our sexual and aggressive drives
Functions on the pleasure principle |
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Definition
the component of personality, developed through contact with the external world, that enables us to deal with lifes practical demands.
Functions on the reality principle |
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| the mental system that reflects the internalization of cultural rules, mainly learned as parents exercise their authority. |
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| According to Freud, the dynamics among the id, ego, and superego are largely governed by anxiety. |
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| unconscious coping mechanisms that reduce anxiety generated by threats from unacceptable impulses |
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| A defense mechanism that invlovles supplying a reasonable-sounding explanation for unacceptable feelings and behavior to conceal ones underlying motives or feelings |
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| a defense mechanism that involves unconsciously replacing threatening inner wishes and fantasies with an exaggerated version of their opposite |
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| a defense mechanism that involves attributing one's own threatening feelings, motives, or impulses to another person or group. |
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| a defense mechanism in which the ego deals with internal conflict and perceived threat by reverting to an immature behavior or ealier stage of development. |
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| defense mechanism that involves shifting unacceptable wishes or drives to a neutral or less-threatening alternative |
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| a defense mechanism that helps deal with feelings of threat and anxiety by enabling us unconsciously to take on the characteristics of another person who seems more powerful or better able to cope. |
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Definition
| a defense mechanism that involves channeling unacceptable sexual or aggressive drives into socially acceptable and culturally enhancing activities. |
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Freud believed that a persons basic personality is formed before 6 years of age during a series of sensitive perioed, or life stages, when experiences influence all that will follow. Frued called these periods psychosexual stages.
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| distinct early life stages through which personality is formed as children experience sexual pleasures from specific body areas and caregivers redirect or interfere with those pleasures. |
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| a phenomenon in which a persons pleasure-seeking drives become psychologically stuck, or arrested, at a particular psychosexual stage. |
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Definition
- The first year and a half of life. Infant's experience centers on the pleasures and frustrations associated with the mouth, sucking, and being fed.
- Traits associated with this stage are depression, lack of trust, envy, and demandingness
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| Anal Stage (between 2-3 years of life) |
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Definition
- The second psychosexual stage, which is dominated by the pleasures and frustrations associated with the anus, retention and expulsion of feces and urine, and toilet training.
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Phallic Stage (between 3-5 years of age)
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- The third psychosexual stag, during which experience is dominated by the pleasure, conflict, and frustration associated with the phallic-genital region as well as coping with powerful incestuous feelings of love, hate, jealousy, and conflict.
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a developmental experience in which a childs conflicting feelings toward the opposite-sex parent are (usually) resolved by identifying with the same-sex parent.
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| Between the ages of 5-13 years old children primarily focus on the further development of intellectual, creative, interpersonal, and athletic skills. |
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The genital stage (at puberty and thereafter)
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| The time for the coming together of the mature adult personality with a capacity to love, work, and relate to others in a mutually satisfying and reciprocal manner. |
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| Emphasized a positive, optimisitc view of human nature that highlights people's inherent goodness and their potential for personal growth. |
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| Existentialist psychologists |
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Definition
| Focused on the individual as a responsible agent who is free to create and live his or her life while negotiating the issue of meaning and the reality of death. |
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| The humanistic-existential approach integrates these insights with a focus on how a personality can become optimal. |
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Definition
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| Self-actualizing tendency |
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| The human motive toward realizing our inner potential |
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| Regards personality as a governed by an individuals ongoing choices and decisions in the context of the realities of life and death. |
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| Social cognitive approach |
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Definition
| an approach that views personality in terms of how the person thinks about the situations encountered in daily life and behaves in response to them. |
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| Social cognitive psychologists focus on how people perceive their environments |
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Definition
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| person-situation controversy |
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Definition
| the question of whether behavior is caused more by personality or by situational factors. |
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| dimensions people use in making sense of their experiences |
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Definition
realized that differences in perspectives could be used to understand the perceivers personality.
- He assesed personal constructs by asking
- 1) list the poeple in their life
- 2)Consider three of the people and stage a way in which two of them were similar to each other and different from the third, and
- 3) repeat this for other triads of people to produce a list of the dimensions used to classify friends and family.
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Definition
| A person's assumptions about the likely consequences of a future behavior |
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Definition
a persons tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external in the environment.
-People who suggest that they believe they control their own destiny are said to have an internal locus of control
-Those who believe that outcomes are random, determined by luck, or controlled by other people are described as having an external locus of control. |
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| Self-concept and self-esteem are critically important facets of personality, not just because they reveal how people see their own personalities, but because they also guide how people think others will see them. |
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| A persons explicit knowledge of his or her own behaviors, traits, and other personal characteristics. |
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Included a theory of self in which he pointed to the self's two facets, the I and the Me.
-The I is the self that thinks, experiences, and acts in the world, it is the self as a knower.
-The Me is the self that is an object in the world, it is the self that is known. |
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| The tendency to seek evidence to confirm the self-concept |
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| The extent to which an individual likes, values, and accepts the self. |
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| people tend to take credit for their successes but down play responsibility for their failures. |
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| a grandiose view of the self combined with a tendency to seek admiration from and exploit others. |
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| Maslows Hierarchial of needs |
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