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Definition
| the branch of psychology that studies the patterns and change that occur throughout life. |
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| enviromental causesof behaivor |
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Definition
| influence of parents, siblings, family, friends, schooling, nutrition, and all the other experiences to which a child is exposed. |
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| hereditry causes of behaivor |
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| those based on the gentic makeup of an individual that influence growth and devleopment throughout life. |
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| the issue of the drgree to which enviroment and heredity influence behaivor. |
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the unfolding of biologically predetermined patterns of behaivor.
ex: breat and body hair |
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| position on the nature-nurture issue, suggesting that a combo of hereditary and enviromental factors influence development |
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| twins who are genetically identical |
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| a research method that compares people of differnet ages at the same point |
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| a group of people who grow up at similar times, in similar places, and in similar conditions. |
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| a research method that investigates behaivor as participants age. |
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| a research method that combines cross-sectional and longituduinal research by considering a number of differnet age groups and examining them at several points in time. |
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| rod-shaped structures that contain all basic hereditary info. |
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| that parts of the chromosomes through which genetic info is transmitted. |
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Definition
| the new cell formed by the union of egg and sperm |
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Definition
first two weeks of a zygote.
3 days- zygote increases to 32 cells
7 days- 100-150 cells |
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Definition
| lasts fromn week 2- week 8 |
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Definition
| a developed zygote that has a heart, brain, and other organs |
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| a developing individual, from eight weeks after conception until birth |
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Definition
| the point at which a fetus can survive if born prematurely. 22 weeks. |
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Definition
| the time when organisms are particullary suseptible to certain kinds of stimuli. |
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Definition
| infants born before 38 weeks |
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Definition
| child cannot produce enzyme that in required for normal development. eventually causes profound retardation. disease is treatable. |
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Definition
| african american population. abnormal shaped blood cells. episodes of pain, yellowish eyes, stunted growth, and vision problems |
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Definition
| found in jews of eastern european descent. usually die by 3 or 4 bc body can not break down fat. |
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Definition
| zygote recieves an extra chromosome at the moment of conception. mothers over 35 and younger than 18 have higher risk of child with ds. |
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Definition
| envriomental agents such as a drug, chemical, virus, or other factor that produce a birthd defect. |
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Term
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Definition
a newborn child.
trip through birth canal squeezed skull.
nose squashed into head.
skin secretes vernix-white covering.
have lanugo-soft fuzz over body.
puffy eyelids becuase of fluid accumulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| neonate born with a number of reflexes. unlearned, involutary responses that occur automatically in the presence of certain stimuli. |
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Definition
| causes neonates to turn head toward things that touch their cheek |
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Definition
| prompts infants to start sucking at anything that touches their lips |
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Definition
| the decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus. |
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Definition
| the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual. |
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Definition
| behaivor that takes place during a critical period and involves attachement to the first moving object that is observed. |
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Term
| ainsworth strange stimulation |
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Definition
| sequence of events involving a child and typically their mother. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 year olds employ mothers as home base. the child will go explore but will return for saftey. |
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Definition
| do not cry when mother leaves and seems indiffernet when mother returns. |
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Term
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Definition
| display anxiety before they are seperated and are upset when mother leaves. then shows ambivalent reaction when she returns. such as seeking close contact but then hitting and kicking her. |
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Definition
| children show inconsistent, often contradictory behaivor. |
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Definition
13% of families fathers stay home and care for preschoolers.
interaction is more rough and tumble.
childern can form multiple attachments. |
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Term
| social relationships with peers |
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Definition
by 2 years old childern become less dependent on parents and more self reliant.
prefer to play with friends. |
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Term
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Definition
important for social interaction.
childern from poor homes thrive in enriched enviroments.
child care can increase inetellectual acheivement.
some childern feel insecure if placed in low-quality child care. |
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Term
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Definition
| parents who are rigid and punitive and value unquestioning obedience from their childern |
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Term
| parenting styles and social develpoment |
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Definition
| parents child-rearing practices are critical in shaping childern. |
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Definition
| parents who give their childern relaxed or inconstent direction and, although they are warm, require little of them. |
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Definition
| parents who are firm, set clear limits, reason with their childern, and explain things to them. |
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Definition
| parents who show little interest in their childern and are emotionally detached. |
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Term
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Definition
| basic, innate disposition. |
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Term
| erickson's theory of psychosocial development. |
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Definition
| viewed the developmental changes occuring throughout life as a series of eight stages of psychosocial development of which 4 occur during childhood. |
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Term
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Definition
| development of individuals' interactions and understanding of each other and of their knowledge and understanding of themselves as members of society. |
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Term
| trust-versus-mistrust stage |
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Definition
| according to erickson, the first stage of psychosocial development, occuring form birth to 1 1/2 yrs, during which time infants develop feelings of trust or lack of. |
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Term
| autinomy-versus-shame-and-doubt |
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Definition
| snd stage. the period which according to erickson, toddlers (1 1/2-3 yrs)develop independence and autonomy if exploration and freedom are encouraged, or shame and self-doubt if they are restricted and overprotected. |
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Term
| initiative-versus-guilt stage |
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Definition
| 3rd stage. according to erickson, the period during which childern ages 3-6 years experience conflict btwn independence of action abd the sometimes negative results of that action |
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| industry-versus-inferiority |
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Definition
| 4th stage. last stage of childhood, during ages 6-12 may develop positive social interactions with other or may feel inadequate abd become less sociable. |
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Definition
| the process by which a child's understanding of the world changes as a function of age and experience |
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Definition
| acoording to piaget, the stage of birth-2 yrs during which a child has little competence in repersenting the enviroment by using images lang or other symbols. |
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Definition
| the awareness that objects and people continue to exist even if they are out of sight |
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Definition
| according to piaget, the period from 2-7 yrs of age that is characterized by lanhg develop. lang most important development in this stage. |
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Definition
| a way of thinking in which a child views the world entirely from his or hers own perspective. |
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Term
| principle of conservation |
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Definition
| the knowledge that quantity is unrelated to the arrangement and physical appearance of objects. |
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Term
| concrete operational stage |
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Definition
| according to piaget, the period of 7-12 yrs that is characterized by logical thought and a loss of egocentism |
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Term
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Definition
| According to piaget, the period from 12-adulthood that is characterized by abstract thought. |
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