Term
|
Definition
| the unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel, and behave |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| value judgements of a person's moral and ethical behaviors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the enduring characteristics with which each person is born |
|
|
Term
| Four Perspectives in Study of Personality |
|
Definition
- Psychoanalytic
- Behavioristic (including social cognitive theory)
- Humanistic
- Trait perspectives
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
founder of the psychoanalytic movement in psychology.
Europe during the Victorian Age
- Men were understood to be unable to control their "animal" desires at times. Husbands would be known to have mistresses after having kids with his wife.
- Women were not supposed to have sexual urges
|
|
|
Term
| Division of Consciousness |
|
Definition
Preconscious--level in which info is available but not currently conscious
Concious--level that is aware of immediate surroundings and perceptions
Unconscious--level in which thoughts, feelings, memories, and other info are kept that are not easliy or voluntarily brought into consciousness (dreams/Freudian slips) |
|
|
Term
Id
(Freud's Theory: Parts of our Personality) |
|
Definition
| part of the personality present at birth and completely unconscious. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the instinctual energy that may come into conflict with the demands of a society's standards for behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| principle by which the id functions; the immediate satisfaction of needs without regards for consequences. |
|
|
Term
Ego
(Freud's Theory: Parts of our Personality) |
|
Definition
| part of the personality that develops out of a need to deal with reality, mostly conscious, rational, and logical |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| principle by which the ego functions; the satisfaction of the demands of the id only when negative consequences will not result. |
|
|
Term
Superego
(Freud's Theory: Parts of our Personality) |
|
Definition
| part of personality that acts as a moral center. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
part of the superego that contains the standards for moral behavior
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
part of superego that produces pride or guilt,
depending on how well behavior matches or
does not match the ego ideal
|
|
|
Term
Psychological Defense Mechanisms
(Defense Mechanisms) |
|
Definition
| unconscious distortions of a person's perception of reality that reduce stress and anxiety |
|
|
Term
Denial
(Defense Mechanisms) |
|
Definition
| the person refuses to acknowledge or recognize a threatening situation |
|
|
Term
Repression
(Defense Mechanisms) |
|
Definition
| the person refuses to consciously remember a threatening or unacceptable event, instead pushing those events into the unconscious mind. |
|
|
Term
Rationalization
(defense mechanisms)
|
|
Definition
| a person invents acceptable excuses for unacceptable behavior. |
|
|
Term
Projection
(defense mechanisms) |
|
Definition
| unacceptable or threatening impulses or feelings are seen as originating with someone else, usually the target of the impulses or feelings |
|
|
Term
Reaction formation
(defense mechanisms) |
|
Definition
| a person forms an opposite emotional or behavioral reaction to the way he or she really feels to keep those true feelings hidden from self and others. |
|
|
Term
Displacement
(defense mechanisms) |
|
Definition
| redirecting feelings from a threatening target to a less threatening one |
|
|
Term
Regression
(defense mechanisms) |
|
Definition
| a person falls back on childlike patterns of responding in reaction to stressful situations |
|
|
Term
Identification
(defense mechanisms) |
|
Definition
| a person tries to become like someone else to deal with anxiety |
|
|
Term
Compensation (substitution)
(defense mechanisms) |
|
Definition
| a person makes up for inferiorities in one area by becoming superior in another area |
|
|
Term
Sublimation
(defense mechanisms) |
|
Definition
| channeling socially unacceptable impulses and urges into socially acceptable behavior |
|
|
Term
Fixation
(Freud's Theory: Stages of Personality Development) |
|
Definition
| disorder in which the person does not fully resolve the conflict in a particular psychosexual stage, resulting in personality traits and behavior associated with that earlier stage |
|
|
Term
Psychosexual Stages
(Freud's Theory: Stages of Personality Development) |
|
Definition
| five stages of personality development proposed by Freud and tied to the sexual development of the child. |
|
|
Term
Oral Stage
(Freud's Theory: Stages of Personality Development) |
|
Definition
| first stage occurring in the first year of life in which the mouth is the erogenous zone and weaning is the primary conflict. Id dominated. |
|
|
Term
Anal Stage
(Freud's Theory: Stages of Personality Development) |
|
Definition
| second stage occurring from about 1 to 3 years of age, in which the anus is the erogenous zone and toilet training is the source of conflict. Ego develops. |
|
|
Term
| Anal expulsive personality |
|
Definition
| a person fixated in the anal stage who is messy, destructive, and hostile. |
|
|
Term
| Anal retentive personality |
|
Definition
| a person fixated in the anal stage who is neat, fussy, stingy, and stubborn |
|
|
Term
Phallic Stage
(Freud's Theory: Stages of Personality Development) |
|
Definition
| third stage occurring from about 3 to 6 years of age, in which the child discovers sexual feelings. Superego develops. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| situation occurring in the phallic stage in which a child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent and jealousy of the same-sex parent. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defense mechanism in which a person tries to become like someone else to deal with anxiety. |
|
|
Term
Latency
(Freud's Theory: Stages of Personality Development) |
|
Definition
| fourth stage occurring during the school years, in which the sexual feelings of the child are repressed while the child develops in other ways. |
|
|
Term
Genital
(Freud's Theory: Stages of Personality Development) |
|
Definition
| sexual feelings reawaken with appropriate targets (puberty) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Freud's term for both the theory of personality and the therapy based on it. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| followers of Freud who developed their own competing theories of psychoanalysis. |
|
|
Term
Carl Jung
(Neo-Freudians) |
|
Definition
developed a theory of a collective unconscious.
- Personal unconscious—Jung’s name for the unconscious mind as described by Freud
- Collective unconscious—Jung’s name for the memories shared by all members of the human species.
- Archetypes—Jung’s collective, universal human memories.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proposed feelings of inferiority as the driving force behind personality and developed birth order theory. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
developed a theory based on basic anxiety and rejected the concept of penis envy.
- Basic anxiety-anxiety created when a child is born into the bigger and more powerful world of older children and adults
- Neurotic personalities-maladaptive ways of dealing with relationships in Horney's theory
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| developed a theory based on social rather than sexual relationships, covering the entire life span. |
|
|
Term
| Current research has found support for: |
|
Definition
- Defense mechanisms
- Concept of an unconscious mind that can influence conscious behavior
- Othe concepts cannot be scientifically tested
|
|
|
Term
| Behaviorists define personality as... |
|
Definition
| ...a set of learned responses or habits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in behaviorism, sets of well-learned responses that have become automatic |
|
|
Term
| Social cognitive learning theorists |
|
Definition
| theorists who emphasize the importance of both the influences of other people's behavior and of a person's own expectancies of learning. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| learning theory that includes cognitive processes such as anticipating, judging, memory, and imitation of models |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bandura's explanation of how the factors of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determine future behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| individual's perception of how effective a behavior will be in any particular circumstance (NOT the same as self-esteem) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the "third force" in psychology that focuses on those aspects of personality that make people uniquely human, such as subjective feelings and freedom of choice. |
|
|
Term
| Humanistic Theories of Personality |
|
Definition
| developed as a reaction against the negativity of psychoanalysis and the deterministic nature of behaviorism. |
|
|
Term
Self-actualizing tendency
(Roger's Theory of Personality) |
|
Definition
| the striving to fulfill one's innate capacities and capabilities. |
|
|
Term
Self-concept
(Roger's Theory of Personality) |
|
Definition
| the image of oneself that develops from interactions with important, significant people in one's life. |
|
|
Term
Self
(Roger's Theory of Personality) |
|
Definition
| archetype that works with the ego to manage other archetypes and balance the personality |
|
|
Term
Real Self
(Roger's Theory of Personality) |
|
Definition
| one's perception of actual characteristics, traits, and abilities |
|
|
Term
Ideal Self
(Roger's Theory of Personality) |
|
Definition
| one's perception of whom one should be or would like to be. |
|
|
Term
Positive Regard
(Roger's Theory of Personality) |
|
Definition
| warmth, affection, love, and respect that come from significant others in one's life |
|
|
Term
Unconditional positive regard
(Roger's Theory of Personality) |
|
Definition
| positive regard that is given without conditions or strings attatched. |
|
|
Term
Conditional positive regard
(Roger's Theory of Personality) |
|
Definition
| positive regard that is given only when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish. |
|
|
Term
Fully functioning person
(Roger's Theory of Personality) |
|
Definition
| a person who is in touch with and trusting of the deepest, innermost urges and feelings. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| theories that endeavor to describe the characteristics that make up human personality in an effort to predict future behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first developed a list of about 200 traits and believed that these traits were part of the nervous system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduced the number of traits to between 16 and 23 with a computer method called factor analysis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aspects of personality that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the more basic traits that underlie the surface traits, forming the core of personality. |
|
|
Term
| Five-factor model (Big Five) |
|
Definition
model of personality traits that describes five basic trait dimensions.
OCEAN |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Openness-willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences
Conscientiousness-the care a person gives to organization and thoughfulness of others; dependability.
Extraversion-dimension of personality referring to one's need to be with other people.
Agreeableness-the emotional style of a person that may range from easygoing; friendly, and likeable to grumpy, crabby, and unpleasant.
Neuroticism-degree of emotional instability or stability. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cross-cultural research has found supports for the Big Five model of personality traits in a number of different cultures. |
|
|
Term
| Trait-situation interaction |
|
Definition
| the assumption that the particular circumstances of any given situation will influence the way in which a trait is expressed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a field of study of the relationship between heredity and personality.
Twin and adoption studies have found support for a genetic influence on many personality traits. |
|
|
Term
| Four basic dimensions of personality along which cultures may vary: |
|
Definition
- individualism/collectivism
- power distance
- masculinity/femininity
- uncertainty avoidance
|
|
|
Term
Interview
(Measuring Personality) |
|
Definition
| method of personality assessment in which the professional asks questions of the client and allows the client to answer, either in a structured or unstructured fashion. |
|
|
Term
Halo effect
(measuring personality) |
|
Definition
| tendency of an interviewer to allow positive characteristics of a client to influence the assessments of the client's behacior and statements. |
|
|
Term
Projection
(measuring personality: projective tests) |
|
Definition
| defense mechanism involving placing, or "projecting," one's own unacceptable thoughts onto others, as if the thoughts actually belonged to those others and not to oneself. |
|
|
Term
Projective Tests
(measuring personality: projective tests) |
|
Definition
| personality assessments that present ambiguous visual stimuli to the client and ask the client to respond with whatever comes to mind. |
|
|
Term
Rorschach inkblot test
(measuring personality: projective tests) |
|
Definition
| projective test that uses 10 inkblots as the ambiguous stimuli. |
|
|
Term
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
(measuring personality: projective tests) |
|
Definition
| projective test that uses 20 pictures of people in ambiguous situations as the visual stimuli |
|
|
Term
Subjective
(measuring personality: projective tests) |
|
Definition
| concepts and impressions that are only valid within a particular person's perception and may be influenced by biases, prejudice, and personal experiences. This is a problem with projective tests. |
|
|
Term
Direct obeservation
(measuring personality: behavioral measures) |
|
Definition
| assessment in which the professional observes the client engages in ordinary, day-to-day behavior in either a clinical or natural setting. |
|
|
Term
Rating scale
(measuring personality: behavioral measures) |
|
Definition
| assessment in which a numerival value is assigned to specific behavior that is listed in the scale. |
|
|
