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Chapter 12 Vocabulary
Coffman's Chapter 12 Vocab
28
Biology
9th Grade
01/12/2011

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Term
Transformation
Definition
The genetic alteration of a bacterial cell resulting from the transfer of foreign DNA.
Term
Bacteriophage
Definition
A virus capable of infecting a bacterial cell, and may cause lysis to its host cell.
Term
Nucleotide
Definition
The basic building block of nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA. It is an organic compound made up of nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group.
Term
Base Pairing
Definition
the specific hydrogen bonding between purines and pyrimidines in double stranded nucleic acids.
Term
Chromatin
Definition
A complex of nucleic acids (e.g. DNA or RNA) and proteins (histones), which condenses to form a chromosome during cell division. In eukaryotic cells, it is found within the cell nucleus.
Term
Histone
Definition
proteins that DNA tightly coils around to form chromosomes.
Term
Replication
Definition
The process of duplicating or producing an exact copy of a polynucleotide strand such as DNA.
Term
DNA polymerase
Definition
enzyme that catalyzes the process of reverse transcription.
Term
Gene
Definition
The fundamental, physical, and functional unit of heredity.
Term
Messenger RNA
Definition
A type of RNA that carries the code or chemical blueprint for a specific protein. In the early stages of protein synthesis, the mRNA is synthesized from a DNA template during transcription.
Term
Ribosomal RNA
Definition
A nucleic acid found in all living cells. Plays a role in transferring information from DNA to the protein-forming system of the cell.
Term
Transfer RNA
Definition
Short-chain RNA molecules present in the cell that attach the correct amino acid to the protein chain that is being synthesized at the ribosome of the cell.
Term
  Transcription
Definition
it is the process of making a copy of genetic information stored in a DNA strand into a complementary strand of RNA (mRNA) with the aid of RNA polymerases.
Term
RNA Polymerase
Definition
an enzyme that is responsible for making RNA from a DNA template.
Term
Promoter
Definition
A site in a DNA molecule at which RNA polymerase and transcription factors bind to initiate transcription of mRNA.
Term
Intron
Definition
a noncoding sequence of DNA within a gene, that is transcribed into hnRNA but is then cut out of the message by RNA splicing in the nucleus, leaving a mature mRNA that is then translated in the cytoplasm.
Term
Exon
Definition
The protein-coding region in the DNA.
Term
Codon
Definition
A set of three adjacent nucleotides, also called triplet, in mRNA that base-pair with the corresponding anticodon of tRNA molecule that carries a particular amino acid, hence, specifying the type and sequence of amino acids for protein synthesis.
Term
Translation
Definition
A step in protein biosynthesis wherein the genetic code carried by mRNA is decoded to produce the specific sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. The process follows transcription in which the DNA sequence is copied (or transcribed) into an mRNA.
Term
Anticodon
Definition
a sequence of three adjacent nucleotides located on one end of transfer RNA. It bounds to the complementary coding triplet of nucleotides in messenger RNA during translation phase of protein synthesis.
Term
Operon
Definition
A group of genes or a segment of DNA that functions as a single transcription unit. It is comprised of an operator, a promoter, and one or more structural genes that are transcribed into one polycistronic mRNA.
Term
Operator
Definition
A segment of DNA where the repressor binds to, thereby preventing the transcription of certain genes.
Term
Differentiation
Definition
The normal process by which a less specialized cell develops or matures to become more distinct in form and function.
Term
Hox Gene
Definition
any of the developmental control genes involved in establishing the anterior-posterior axis and the identity of each body segment in organisms, especially during early embryonic development.
Term
Point Mutation
Definition
A mutation in DNA or RNA molecule involving a change of only one nucleotide base.
Term
Frameshift Mutation
Definition
A type of gene mutation wherein the addition or deletion of (a number of) nucleotide(s) causes a shift in the reading frame of the codons in the mRNA, thus, may eventually lead to the alteration in the amino acid sequence at protein translation.
Term
Polyploidy
Definition

an organism or cell having more than twice the haploid number of chromosomes

Term
Mutation
Definition
permanent, heritable change in the nucleotide sequence in a gene or a chromosome; the process in which such a change occurs in a gene or in a chromosome.
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