Term
| Cells of a complex eukaryote exist in many _________ states, but _________ cells retain a _____ set of genes (exception- a few genes in select __________ cells. |
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Definition
| Differentiated, differentiated, full, immune system |
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Term
| Most _____________ plant cells can regenerate an _________________. |
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Definition
| differentiated, Entire new organism |
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Term
| In theory, nearly all differentiated animal cells _________________ as well. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ from cells of adult animals are capable of supporting the ____________ of a new individual, as demonstrated in _____________ experiments. |
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Definition
| Nuclei, development, cloning |
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Term
__________ Cell _________ Transfer (SCNT) still has technical obstacles to overcome:
Telomere ____________
Chromatin _______ leading to gene ___________ changes. |
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Definition
| Somatic, nuclear, length, inheritance, expression |
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Term
| _________ are turned on and off as a result of interaction with ____________. |
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Definition
| Genes, regulatory proteins |
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Term
_________ of gene ___________ occurs on three levels:
1____________
2_________
3)______ |
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Definition
Regulation, expression
Transcriptional level control
Transcript processing level control
Translational level control |
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Term
| Protein __________ are also regulated by degradation. |
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Definition
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Term
| ______________ is the most important mechanism by which __________ cells determine which ________ are synthesized. Example: only cells that will form _________ express the myogenin gene. |
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Definition
| Differential transcription, eukaryotic, proteins, muscle |
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Term
| The Role of __________ factors regulating gene expression: |
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Definition
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Term
| A single gene often has different_____________ sequences ___________ controled by multiple _________________. |
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Definition
| regulatory, multiple regulatory genes |
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Term
| A single _________ may control the expression of many __________ genes. |
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Definition
| DNA-binding protein, different |
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Term
| Transcription factors interact _________ to control whether a gene is ____________ or not. |
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Definition
| combinatorially, expressed |
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Term
| Embryonic stem (ES) cells are _______, capable of _______ into all of the different types of cells. |
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Definition
| pluripotent, differentiating |
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Term
| The importance of ______ ______ in ES cells was demonstrated when four of these factors were introduced and shown to _______ the cells. The ES cell type was _______ by these transcription factors. |
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Definition
| transcription factors, reprogram, specified |
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Term
| Most transcription factors are transcriptional activators contain ________ domain and an ______ domain. |
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Definition
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Term
| The DNA-binding domains of most transcription factors have related structure (________) that interact with DNA sequences. |
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Definition
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Term
| Most of the motifs contain a segment or segments that bind to the ____________ groove of the DNA. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ________ determines the site of transcription. The ________, from the TATA box to the start, is where the initation complex assembles ( _____ and _______) |
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Definition
| Tata box, core promoter, RNA pol II and GTFs |
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Term
| The CAAT and the GC box are upstram and regulate the ________________ of transcription. They are the upstream boundary of the ____________ promoter. |
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Definition
| Frequency of transcription, proximal |
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Term
| ___________________ allow some _______ to be transcribed at more than one site. |
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Definition
| Alternative promoters, genes |
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Term
Researchers use the following techniques to find DNA sequences involved in ____________:
a) ________________
b) ___________________: |
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Definition
regulation
A) Deletion mapping
B) DNA Footprinting |
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Term
| ________________________________: Cross link proteins to ______, pull down protein of interest with antibody to protein of interest, sequence DNA to which it was bound |
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Definition
| Genome-wide location analysis, DNA |
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Term
| The glucocorticoid ___________: An example of transcriptional _________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| PEPCK is a key enzyme controlled by a variety of transcription factors called _________, most are part of the ________ region upstream of CAAT and GC box. |
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Definition
| Response elements, distal promoter |
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Term
| The ____________________ is a nuclear receptor that includes a ____________ domain and a DNA-binding transcription factor. |
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Definition
| Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR), ligand-binding |
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Term
| The GR binds to a ________________ which is a _____________. |
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Definition
| Glucocorticoid response element, palindrome |
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Term
________________ are DNA elements that stimulate transcription.
a. Bind sequence specific transcriptional __________ |
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Definition
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Term
| ________________ serve as intermediates for transcription factors, allowing for _____________ of transcription and are divided into two functional groups: |
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Definition
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Term
| RNA polymerases are also bound to ______________ genes that ______________ transcription but do not transition to ________________. |
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Definition
| Transcriptionally silent, initate, elongation |
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Term
| ______________________________ remove acetyl groups and repress ___________. |
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Definition
| Transcription, Histone deacetylases (HDACs) ,, |
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Term
DNA Methylation:
It is carried out only on ______ by _____________
Methylation patterns of gene regulatory regions change during ____________________
In mammals, CpG in __________ sequence. |
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Definition
Cytosines, DNA methyltransferases
Cellular differentiation
Symmetrical |
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Term
DNA methylation and transcriptional repression:
Most common in ______, _________ sequences. Commonly used for shutting down transcription or ______ sequences. |
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Definition
Noncoding, repeated
Transposon |
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Term
| Genomic imprinting is found in _________ but certain forms of ______________ are found in insects and plants |
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Definition
| Mammals, genomic imprinting |
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Term
| Activity of certain genes, _________, depends on whether they originated with the sperm or egg. |
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Definition
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Term
| Active and inactive versions of imprinted genes differ in the ____________ patterns. |
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Definition
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Term
| Sometimes referred to as ______ or _____ genes.----genomic imprinting |
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Definition
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Term
| Protein diversity can be generated by ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Alternative splicing can be very complex, allowing many different combinations of ______ in the final mRNA product. |
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Definition
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Term
| In RNA editing, specific nucleotides can be converted to other nucleotides through ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| RNA editing can ________________, ____________, or lead to _______________ substitutions |
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Definition
| Create new splice sites, generate stop codons, amino acid |
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Term
| RNA editing is important in the __________, where messages need to have A converted to I to generate a glutamate receptor. |
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Definition
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Term
| Translation of _______________ that have been transported form the _______ to the _____________ is regulated: |
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Definition
| mRNAs, nucleus, cytoplasm |
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Term
Examples of _____________-level control:
A. ________________-where mRNAs are translated
B. __________ or _________ of translation
C. ____________ of translation (how often protein in translated)
D. mRNA degradation (______________0 |
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Definition
Translational
Spatial control
Promotion, blocking
Amount
Half life |
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Term
Cytoplasm _____________ of mRNAs:
______________ used for migration of mRNAS and _____________ used for anchoring mRNAs. |
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Definition
Localization
Microtubules, microfilaments |
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Term
The control of ____________ translation:
A. Several important processes depend on ______ that were synthesized at a previous time and _________ in the cytoplasm in an __________ state. Very common in unfertilized egg cells. These are shut down _________ by genetic mechanisms acting on __________ initiation factors.
B.Ferritin translation |
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Definition
mRNA
mRNAs, stores, inactive, globally, translation |
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Term
| mRNA ____________ is just as important in controlling mRNA ________ as is transcription. |
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Definition
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Term
| _________________ influences the ____________ of mRNA. |
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Definition
| Poly (A) tail length, longevity |
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Term
| As an mRNA remains in the __________, its poly (A) tail tends to be gradually reduced (__________________). When the tail is about ____________, degradation proceeds rapidly. |
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Definition
| Cytoplasm, deadenylase enzyme, 30 A residues |
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Term
| Certain destabalizing proteins that bind to the ________ may affect the _______ of poly(a)tail shortening. |
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Definition
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Term
| Deadenylation, _____________, and 5'-->3' degradation occur within small _______ cytoplasmic granules (____________) |
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Definition
| decapping, transient, p-bodies |
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Term
| P-bodies can also store _______ no longer being ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| miRNAs usually act by binding to sites in the _________ of their _______ mRNAs. |
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Definition
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Term
Some studies suggest that __________ carry out translational-level control by:
A. _________ initiation of ___________.
B. ___________ translation as it occurs.
C. ____________ the degradation of the _____ mRNA. |
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Definition
miRNAs
Blocking, translation
blocking,
inducing, target |
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Term
| Protein _______ are regulated by degradation. |
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Definition
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Term
| Degradation of proteins is carried out with hollow, cylindrical ______________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Proteeosomes recognize proteins linked to ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| _______________ is transferred by ______________ ligases. |
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Definition
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Term
| Once polyubiquinated , a protein is recognized by the ____________ of a ________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Once degraded, the component amino acids are released back into the ____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cells can often regognize _______ or ____________ proteins and __________ them. |
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Definition
| Anbormal, incorrect, degrade |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Amino-terminal ______ or _______, or presence of a _________ sequence can speed degration. |
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Definition
| Arg, Lyz, internal degron |
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Term
| Hundreds of genes encode _______ that _____________________, an indication of their importance and the ____________ of regulation. |
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Definition
| proteins, regulate protein degradation, sophistication |
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Term
| a. GTF's bind to the ___________ sites and assocaite with ____________. |
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Definition
| Core promoter, RNA polymerase |
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Term
______________________ regulate gene expression (where and when)
Can be transcription _______ or transcription _______. |
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Definition
Sequence-specific transcription factors, when and where
inhibitor activator |
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Term
| ___________________: Sequencing of DNA bound by proteins (find sequences where transcription factors bind |
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Definition
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Term
| c. A promoter and it's enhancers can be "cordoned off" from other elements by sequences called ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Enhancers Can be located very far ________ or ________ from the regulated gene, or even in _______ of the gene |
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Definition
| upstream, downstream, introns |
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Term
| Coactivators A. Those that interact with the ______________ |
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Definition
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Term
Coavtivators: B. Those that alter chromosome structure by _________, _______________.
a. By using ____________________
b. By using ______________ |
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Definition
Modifying histones, regulating transcription
Histone acetyltransferases (HATS)
Chromatin remodeling complexes |
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Term
| These polymerases are ready for transcription but are poised by _______________ factors. |
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Definition
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Term
| Gene transcription regulation at the level of elongation may be imprtion in __________ acitivation of certain genes |
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Definition
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Term
| HDACs are subunits of larger complexes acting as _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| ____________ are recruited to specific gene loci by transcription factors that cause the targeted gene to be __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA Methylation serves more to maintain a gene in an ________ state rather than to initially _________. |
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Definition
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Term
Dna Methylation patterns ______ passed to daughter cells
DNA methylation ________ universal |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA methylation silences transcription in _____________ cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Translational-level control occurs via interactions of specific ________ and _________ in the ____________. |
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Definition
| mRNAs, proteins, cytoplasm |
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Term
| Regulatory proteins act on _______________ at both their 5' and 3' ends. |
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Definition
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Term
| UTR's contain ____________ sequences used by the cell to mediate _______________________control. |
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Definition
| nucleotide, translational-level |
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Term
| In the fruit fly embro the _________ of anterior-posterior axis is regulated by the localization of _____________ along the ___________ in the egg. |
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Definition
| development, specific mRNAs, axis |
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Term
| Cytoplasm __________ of mRNAs is determined by their _____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________________ iis controlled by an iron response element: The presence of iron releases ______________ allowing translation to proceed and Ferritin to sequester iron. |
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Definition
| Ferritin translation, iron regulatory protein |
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