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Chapter 12 notes
the cell cycle
39
Biology
Undergraduate 2
10/24/2011

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Term
cell division
Definition
the reproduction of cells
Term
cell cycle
Definition
the life of a cell from its formation to its own division
Term
Chromosomes
Definition
packed with DNA molecules in a cell
Term
chromatin
Definition
complex of DNA and protein that condenses during cell division in a eukaryotic cell
Term
Somatic cells
Definition
non reproductive--have two sets of chromosomes
Term
gametes
Definition
reproductive cells(sperm and eggs) have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells
Term
Chromatids
Definition
joined copies of the original chromosome wich seperate during cell division
Term
centromere
Definition
the narrow waist of a duplicated chromosome
Term
mitosis
Definition
the division of the genetic material in the nucleus
Term
cytokinesis
Definition
the divison of the cytoplasm
Term
meiosis
Definition
yields nonidentical daughter cells that have only one set of chromosomes half as many as the parent cell
Term
Mitotic Phase
Definition
mitosis and cytokinesis
Term
Interphase
Definition
cell growth and copying of chromosomes in preperation for cell division
Term
G1 phase
Definition
first gap
Term
S phase
Definition
synthesis
Term
G2 phase
Definition
second gap
Term
Mitosis divided into 5 phases
Definition
prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
Term
mitotic spindle
Definition
a structure made of microtubles that controls chromosome movement during mitosis
Term
centrosome
Definition
the microtuble organizing center
Term
aster
Definition
a radial array of short microtubles
Term
kinetochres
Definition
protein complexes associated with centromeres
Term
metaphae plate
Definition
an imaginary structure at the midway point between the spindles two poles
Term
cleavage
Definition
the process by wich cytokinesis occurs
Term
cell plate
Definition
formed during cytokinesis in plant cells
Term
binary fission
Definition
the reproduction of prokaryotes
Term
origin of replication
Definition
the beginging of cell division in binary fission
Term
cell cycle control system
Definition
the direction of the cell cycle that is regulated by both internal and external controls
Term
checkpoints
Definition
where the cell cycle stops until a go-ahead signal is received
Term
G0 phase
Definition
when the cell does not receive the go-ahead signal it xits the cycle and switches to a nondividing state
Term
cyclins
Definition
regulatory protein
Term
cyclin-dependent kinases
Definition
a type of regulatory protein in cell cycle control
Term
MPF (maturation-promoting factor)
Definition
a cyclin-CDK complex that triggers a cells oassage past the G2 checkpoint into the M phase
Term
growth factors
Definition
proteins released by other cells that stimulate other cells to divide
Term
density-dependant inhibition
Definition
in wich crowded cells stop dividing
Term
anchorage dependance
Definition
most animals cells must be attached to a substratum in order to divide
Term
transformation
Definition
the process in wich a normal cell is converted to a cancerous cell
Term
benign tumor
Definition
if abnormal cells remain at the original site and forms a lump
Term
malignant tumors
Definition
invade surrounding tisssues and can metastasize where they may form additional tumors
Term
metastasize
Definition
exporting cancer cells to other parts of the body
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