Term
| During most of the elongation cycle, the growing peptide is attached to a tRNA in the |
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Definition
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Term
| In 1909, British physician Archibald Garrod first suggested that genes dictate phenotypes through the synthesis of ________ that catalyze specific chemical processes in the cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| A particular eukaryotic protein is 300 amino acids long. Which of the following would be the minimum number of nucleotides in the DNA to code for the amino acid sequence in the protein? |
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Definition
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Term
| Nowadays, biochemists don't have to irradiate organisms to produce (random) mutations, but can go into the DNA and make specifically desired point mutations. For example, Dr. Andy Goldberg of Oakland's Eye Research Institute has specifically mutated the gene that codes for the 346-AA containing peripherin protein of the retina. The value of such studies would most likely be: |
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Definition
| c. to analyze the role of specific amino acids in the structure and function of peripherin proteins |
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Term
| A so-called 5' cap is applied to: |
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Definition
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Term
| Elongation of a polypeptide chain during translation involves the formation of a peptide bond between |
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Definition
| a polypeptide in the P site and the amino acid carried on a tRNA in the A site |
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Term
| Several different kinds of RNA participate in protein synthesis. But only one of the RNA's depends on which gene is being expressed. Which RNA is that? |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA and RNA differ in two of these three ways. Which one is phony? |
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Definition
| DNA contains phosphate and RNA contains sulfate |
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Term
| Charles Yanofky's work on the Trp gene of E. coli showed that ___ and ___ are co-linear. |
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Definition
| The gene ... its protein product |
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Term
| The one-gene-one-enzyme hypothesis of Beadle and Tatum was reformed as: |
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Definition
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Term
| AAA and AAG both code for lysine. This demonstrates |
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Definition
| a redundancy or degeneracy in the genetic code |
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Term
| The promoter region in eukaryotic transcription is ___ from the gene. |
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Definition
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Term
| Nowadays, biochemists don't have to irradiate organisms to produce (random) mutations, but can go into the DNA and make specifically desired point mutations. For example, Dr. Andy Goldberg of Oakland's Eye Research Institute has specifically mutated the gene that codes for the 346-AA containing peripherin protein of the retina. The gene for peripherin might well be larger due to the presence of |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is eukaryotic mRNA translated? |
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Definition
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Term
| Initiation of protein synthesis begins with |
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Definition
| a methionyl-tRNA binding to an AUG and to the P site of the ribosome |
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Term
| All of the following are differences between RNA and DNA EXCEPT which? |
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Definition
| DNA contains base-pairing between complementary bases, whereas RNA molecules do not. |
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Term
| Which of the following best represents the central dogma of gene expression and information flow in molecular biology? |
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Definition
| During transcription, DNA codes for RNA, which codes for polypeptides during translation. |
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Term
| In order for genotype (the set of genetic instructions) to be converted into phenotype (the structure and behavior of the organism), which of the following is necessary? |
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Definition
a. DNA --> RNA
b. RNA --> protein
c. Protein --> metabolism
d. All of the others |
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Term
| Researchers have now sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome of a 38,000-year-old Neanderthal thighbone found in a cave in Croatia. The new sequence contains 16,565 DNA base pairs, representing 13 genes, making it the longest stretch of Neanderthal DNA ever examined. Would you predict that Neanderthal DNA would be expressed using the same triplet genetic code as the one we have studied in this class? |
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Definition
| Sure, if tobacco and fireflies share the same code, so would two hominids. |
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Term
| Transcription is the name for the process by which |
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Definition
| d. the sequence of bases in DNA determines the sequence of bases in RNA |
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Term
| Which of the following is NOT true of RNA processing? |
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Definition
| . Introns are joined together before the mRNA leaves the nucleus |
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Term
| In a test-tube, Asn-tRNAasn synthetase is used to attach asparagines to tRNAasn. Then the loaded asparagines are deaminated (amino group removed) to form aspartic acid. When these Asp-tRNAasn are added to an in vitro protein synthesizing system |
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Definition
| Asp will be inserted where Asn has been specified |
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Term
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Definition
| allows 61 codons to be read by less than 61 tRNA's due to a wobble in the base-pairing rules |
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Term
| Nowadays, biochemists don't have to irradiate organisms to produce (random) mutations, but can go into the DNA and make specifically desired point mutations. For example, Dr. Andy Goldberg of Oakland's Eye Research Institute has specifically mutated the gene that codes for the 346-AA containing peripherin protein of the retina. Given the size of the peripherin gene, how many bases would be in the coding region of its mRNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| The synthesis of RNA off of DNA is called: |
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Definition
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Term
| Alternative RNA splicing makes possible: |
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Definition
| e. the generation of multiple types of mRNA from the same pre-mRNA |
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Term
| Which of the following is NOT true of RNA processing? |
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Definition
| Introns are joined together before the mRNA leaves the nucleus |
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Term
| Initiation of protein synthesis begins with |
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Definition
| a methionyl-tRNA binding to an AUG and to the P site of the ribosome |
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Term
| Protein synthesis occurs when peptide bonds are formed on cellular organelles called: |
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Definition
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Term
| Researchers have now sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome of a 38,000-year-old Neanderthal thighbone found in a cave in Croatia. The new sequence contains 16,565 DNA base pairs, representing 13 genes, making it the longest stretch of Neanderthal DNA ever examined. Would you predict that Neanderthal mitochondrial DNA would have the same 0.34 nm and 3.4 nm periodicities that the DNA in Rosy Franklin's study |
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Definition
| Yes, because they would share the same basic chemical principles |
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Term
| How do eukaryotic pre-mRNA's and mRNA's differ? |
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Definition
| Eukaryotic mRNA's have a 5' cap, a 3' poly A tail, and no introns. |
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Term
| The codon CAG specifies the amino acid glutamine. Therefore the anticodon in the glutamyl-tRNA could be: |
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Definition
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Term
| Elongation of a polypeptide chain during translation involves the formation of a peptide bond between |
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Definition
| a polypeptide in the P site and the amino acid carried on a tRNA in the A site |
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Term
| Researchers have now sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome of a 38,000-year-old Neanderthal thighbone found in a cave in Croatia. The new sequence contains 16,565 DNA base pairs, representing 13 genes, making it the longest stretch of Neanderthal DNA ever examined. Why did the researchers choose to sequence mitochondrial DNA instead of nuclear DNA? |
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Definition
| Because it presumably is present in many more copies per cell than nuclear DNA |
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Term
| In a test-tube, Asn-tRNAasn synthetase is used to attach asparagines to tRNAasn. Then the loaded asparagines are deaminated (amino group removed) to form aspartic acid. When these Asp-tRNAasn are added to an in vitro protein synthesizing system |
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Definition
| Asp will be inserted where Asn has been specified |
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Term
| The default state of most eukaryotic cell genes is |
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Definition
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Term
| In the absence of lactose, |
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Definition
| The lac repressor binds to the lac operator, blocking RNA polymerase activity |
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Term
| What does the operon model attempt to explain? |
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Definition
| The control mechanism of gene expression in bacteria |
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Term
| Activators, general transcription factors, RNA polymerase, the TATA box are all part of the mechanism of: |
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Definition
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Term
| Helix-turn-helix, zinc finger, and leucine zipper are all: |
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Definition
| protein structures well adapted to binding to specific regions of DNA |
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Term
| The most important level of eukaryotic gene regulation is: |
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Definition
| the level of transcription, since the default state of genes is OFF |
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Term
| These three kinds of human cells - neuron, skeletal muscle, and skin - differ in: |
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Definition
a. the selection of genes that are transcribed
b. their cell morphology
c. the enzymes the cells contain
d. all of the other answers |
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Term
| What percentage of its functional genes does a typical human cell express at any one time? |
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Definition
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Term
| Will an E. coli cell growing in a medium containing lactose and glucose express the three genes of the lac operon? |
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Definition
| No, because glucose indirectly limits CAP binding to the lac promoter |
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Term
| Helix-turn-helix, zinc finger, and leucine zipper are all: |
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Definition
| protein structures well adapted to binding to specific regions of DNA |
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Term
| Although the distal control elements called enhancers may be thousands of bases upstream of a promoter, they are able to control transcription because ___ bind to both the enhancer and the promoter, drawing them together and initiating transcription. |
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Definition
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Term
| Distal and proximal elements, activators, and DNA bending protein are all involved in |
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Definition
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Term
| The Human Genome Project has estimated the size of the human genome as |
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Definition
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Term
| All of the following consist of a sequence of nucleotide bases except which? |
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Definition
a. Repressor.
b. Structural gene.
c. Promoter.
d. Regulator gene.
e. Operator.
answer...represor! |
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Term
| Chromosomes are loosened, and transcription is thereby aided, by |
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Definition
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Term
| in his experiment on the Trp gene of E.coli, Yanofsky showed a colinearity between: |
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Definition
| the sequence of mutation sites in the Trp gene and the sequence of altered amino acids in the Trp protein. |
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