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| The sequence of age-related changed that occur as a person progresses from conception to death |
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| One-celled organism formed by the union of a sperm and an egg |
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extends from conception to birth; usually encompassing 9 months of pregnancy
*Development is very rapid but slows before birth |
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| 1st 2 weeks of prenatal development; zygote plants itself on uterine wall and placenta forms |
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2 weeks into pregnancy- end of 2nd month; organs and systems begin to form and the organism is called an embryo
- begins to look human
- most miscarriages happen at this stage |
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| 2 months into pregnancy until birth; develops muscles and bones and sex organs and brain, the fetus can move |
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| Age at which a baby can survive in the event of a premature birth (22-26 weeks) |
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| Progression of muscular coordination required for physical activities |
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Head-to-foot direction of motor development
eg. crawling |
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Centre-outward direction of motor development
eg. torso before extremities |
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| Development that reflects gradual unfolding of genetic blueprint |
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Indicate median age at which individuals display various behaviours and abilities
-eg. crawling, sitting up, walking, talking etc. |
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| Characteristic mood, activity and emotional reactivity |
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Compare groups of different ages at once in a prolonged study
eg. over a period of years |
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| Compare groups of different ages at a specific point in time |
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| Close, emotional bonds of affection that develop between infants and caregivers |
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Emotional distress seen in many infants when they're separated from the people or objects they have formed an attachment to
- 14-18 months peak |
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Definition
| Child tends to be playful, less inhibited, exploration-oriented and sociable |
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Term
| Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment |
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Definition
| Child engages in visual-checking, signalling to reestablish contact, calling and clinging to the parent or guardian |
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Definition
| Maintain close proximity while avoiding close contact |
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| Disorganized/ Disoriented attachment |
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Definition
| Confused about whether they should approach or avoid, very insecure |
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| Developmental period where characteristic patterns of behaviour are exhibited and certain capacities become established |
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| Changing existing mental structures to explain new experiences |
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| Interpreting new experiences using mental structures |
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| Gradual reduction in strength of response when stimuli is repeated |
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| New stimulus elicits increase in strength of habituated response |
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| 2 years preceding puberty, changes leading to physical and sexual maturity takes place |
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Definition
1. Sensorimotor (0-2yr)
2. Preoperational (2-7yr)
3. Concrete operational (7-11 yr)
4. Formal Operational (11+yr) |
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Moral Reasoning
- Pre-conventional level: punishment
- Conventional: good/bad (approval); societal laws
- Post-conventional: social contract, individualism |
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| Object Permanence: recognizing that objects continue toe exist even when they are no longer visible |
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Conservation: Awareness of physical quantities remaining the same after the shape or size of their appearance has changed
eg. pour water into a different cup, same amount of water
Centration: The tendency to focus on one feature of a problem neglecting other aspects
Irreversibility: The inability to undo an action
Egocentrism: limited ability to share another persons point of view
Animism: belief that all things are living
eg. cup on its side is taking a nap |
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Term
| Concrete operational period |
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Definition
Children can preform only on images of tangible objects and actual events
Master reversibility: mentally undo an action
and Decentration: focus on more than one aspect of a problem simultaneously
Can't handle hierarchal classification |
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Term
| Formal Operational Period |
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Definition
Apply operations to abstract conceptions
Adult modes of thinking
More systematic problem solving (trial and error, logic, reflective) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Trust Vs. Mistrust
2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
3. Initiative vs. Guilt
4. Industry vs. Inferiority |
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Definition
"Is my world predictable and supportive?"
- first year of life
- depend completely on adults and caregivers |
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| Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt stage |
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Definition
"Can I do things myself or must I always rely on others?"
- 2-3 yrs
- own responsibility for dressing, bathing, feeding
- If parents aren't satisfied may lead to self guilt/ blame |
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Term
| Initiative vs. Guilt stage |
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Definition
"Am I good or bad?"
- 3-6 yrs
- experiment and take initiatives
- parents need to support emerging independence while maintaining appropriate control |
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Term
| Industry vs. Inferiority stage |
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Definition
"Am I competent or worthless?"
- 6-puberty
- challenge of learning leaves from home to school
- children who function effectively should take pride and have a sense of competence |
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Term
| Problems with Eriksons Stage Theory |
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Definition
Depended heavily on illustrative case studies
Theory provides an "idealized" conception of "typical" developmental patterns |
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| Zone of Proximal Development |
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Definition
| Gap between what a leaner can accomplish alone and what he or she can achieve with guidance from more skilled partners |
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Occurs when the assistance provided to a child is adjusted as learning progresses
- less and less help is provided as competence increases |
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| Assert that humans are prewired to readily understand certain concepts without making any assumptions about why humans are prewired in these ways |
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| Interested in why humans are prewired for certain cognitive abilities |
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Term
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Definition
| Interested in why humans are prewired for certain cognitive abilities |
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