Term
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Definition
| Influenza evolves this way. It is done by POINT MUTATIONS. Less serious |
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Term
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Definition
| This is how influenza causes pandemics. It is done by RECOMBINATION. More serious |
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Term
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Definition
| Use gene rearrangement to change their surface antigens. Causes African Sleeping Sickness. |
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Term
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Definition
| When a disease goes dormant. |
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Term
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Definition
Herpes simplex virus: Cause of cold sores. Stays latent in sensory neurons and is brought to infect epithelial cells during times of stress.
Varicella-zoster: chickenpox. Immune defenses can be made. re-Occurrence is called shingles.
Epstein-Barr virus: Mono |
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Term
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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Definition
| Prevents fusion of the phagosome with the lysosome |
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Term
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Definition
| Creates its own specialized environment within the cells that it infects. It is surrounded by a membrane that does not fuse with any other vesicles. |
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Term
| Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) |
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Definition
| Inhibits MHC I expression. Dangerous to immunosupressed. |
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Term
| Staphylococcal enterotoxins & toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 |
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Definition
| Stimulate a massive but ineffective T cell response by acting as a bridge between CD4 T cells and MHC II. |
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Term
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Definition
| Produce massive amounts of cytokines, mostly being IL-1, IL-2, TNF-a |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases |
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Definition
| Inherited defects in genes for components of the immune system. |
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Term
| Secondary Immunodeficiency Diseases |
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Definition
| Caused by environmental factors. |
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Term
| 3 causes of inherited immunodeficiency diseases |
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Definition
| Dominant (BB), Recessive (bb), X-linked |
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Term
| X-linked diseases occur mostly in..? |
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Definition
| It occurs in all males who inherit the infected X chromosome. Females are only infected when they inherit an infected X chromosome from both parents. |
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Term
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Definition
| Immunosuppression. Encodes IL-10 cytokine homologue (inhibits macrophages) |
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Term
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Definition
| Syphilis. Coats itself with human protein |
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Term
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Definition
| Defect in gene coding for CD40L on T cells. B cells cannot switch isotypes, so too much IgM is produced. |
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Term
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Definition
-Increased bacterial infections
-Problems with phagocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
Lysis of bacteria is decreased
ex) Neisseria |
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Term
| Chronic granulatomatous disease |
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Definition
-Inability to produce superoxide radical 02
-Compromised antibacterial activity |
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Term
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Definition
| Defect in ability to fuse phagosome with lysosome. |
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Term
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Definition
T cells cannot proliferate
-X linked |
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Term
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Definition
Cytoskeletal rearrangement of T cell lost, no cytokine release
-Impairment of platelets and lymphocytes
-X linked |
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Term
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Definition
| Accumulation of nucleotide metabolites which affect B and T cell development |
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Term
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Definition
| Lack of MHC I & II expression. Loss of CD4 & 8 cells |
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Term
| How many types of HIV are there? |
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Definition
HIV-1: Most common cause of AIDS
HIV-2: Less virulent -> slower progression |
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Term
| What kind of virus is HIV considered? |
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Definition
| Retrovirus - viruses that use an RNA genome to direct the synthesis of a DNA intermediate |
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Term
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Definition
Cleave a large precursor polyprotein protein
-gp41 and gp120 |
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Term
| GP41 is responsible for..? |
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Definition
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Term
| GP120 is responsible for..? |
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Definition
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Term
| HIV variants bind to what kinds of WBC's? |
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Definition
| Macrophages, dendritic cells, and CD4 T cells |
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Term
| What makes someone immune to HIV? |
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Definition
| 1% of individuals have a 32-nucleotide deletion of the CCR-5 receptors on macrophages. |
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Term
| Are mistakes in reverse transcriptase good or bad? |
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Definition
| Good for the virus, bad for the infected individual. |
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Term
| Undetectable viral load does not mean what? |
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Definition
| It does not mean a patient is cured or cannot transmit HIV |
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Term
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Definition
Major cytokine release of TNF-a, IL-1, IL-2
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Term
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Definition
| Uses over 90 strains to evade the immune system |
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