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| Patterns of fascicle organization |
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| Parallel muscles, convergent muscles, pennate muscles, and circular muscles |
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-most muscles in the body
-fibers are parallel to the long axis of muscle (ex. biceps brachii)
-contracts, shortens, gets larger in diameter (shortens about 30%)
-tension developed depends on total # of myofibrils
-contracts |
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-broad area converges on attachment site (tendon, aponeurosis, or raphe)
-usually fan or broad triangle (ex. pectoralis muscles)
-stimulations of different portions can change direction of pull
-entire muscle contracts, fibers pull in different directions |
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-form a common angle with tendon
-do not move as far as parallel muscles
-contain more myofibrils & produce more tension than parallel muscles
Unipennate: all fibers on same side of tendon (extensor digitorum)
Bipennate: fibers on both sides of tendon (rectus femoris)
Multipennate: tendon branches within muscle (deltoid) |
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| Circular muscles (sphincters) |
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-open and close to guard entrances of body
(digestive/urinary tracts)
Ex. orbicularis oris, muscle of the mouth |
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-skeletal muscles attach to skeleton, produce motion
-type of muscle attachment affects: power, range, and speed of muscle movement
-these can be modified by attaching bone to lever |
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| rigid structure that moves on a fixed point (fulcrum-joint) |
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| Levers function to change __________. |
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-direction of an applied force
-distance and speed of movement produced by an applied force
-effective strength of an applied force |
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Center fulcrum between applied force and resistance
Force and resistance are balanced
seesaw or teeter-totter examples |
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Center resistance between applied force and fulcrum
A small force moves a large weight
(standing up on toes)
1. effective force is increased
2. Load moves more slowly and covers shorter distance |
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Center applied force between resistance and fulcrum.
Most common levers in the body.
Greater force moves smaller resistance
Maximizes speed and distance traveled.
-opposite of 2nd class levers
Ex. flexing your forearm
1.Speed and distance increase
2. Effective force decreases |
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Muscles have 1 fixed point of attachment.
-origin is usually proximal to insertion |
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| Muscles have one moving point of attachment |
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-chiefly responsible for producing a particular movement
-biceps brachii produces flexion at the elbow |
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Opposes movement of a particular agonist
-triceps brachii extends elbow, antagonist of biceps brachii |
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Smaller muscle that assists a larger agonist
-helps start motion or stabilize origin of agonist by preventing movement at another joint )fixator)
-Most useful at the start |
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| Descriptive names for skeletal muscles |
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Definition
1.location in the body
2.insertion and origin
3.fascicle organization
4.relative position
5.structural characteristics
6.action |
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| Naming skeletal muscles by origin and insertion |
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1st part of name is the origin, 2nd part insertion
Ex. genioglossus muscle
genio-originates in the chin
glossus-inserts in the tongue |
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| Naming skeletal muscles by fascicle organization |
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Definition
Rectus-fibers straight, parallel muscles to longitudinal axis. Ex. rectus abdominis
Transversus-fibers run across longitudinal axis
Oblique-fibers at an oblique angle across longitudinal axis |
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| Naming skeletal muscles by relative position |
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Externus (superficialis): visible at body surface
Internus (profundus): deep muscle
Extrinsic: muscles outside an organ
Intrinsic: muscles inside an organ |
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| Naming skeletal muscles by structural characteristics |
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Definition
-Number of tendons: bi(2), tri (3), quad (4)
-Shape: trapezius, deltoid, rhomboid
-Muscle size |
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| Naming skeletal muscles by action |
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Movement-general
Occupations or habits-specific |
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Arise on axial skeleton
Position head and spinal column and move the rib cage
60% of skeletal muscles |
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Stabilize/move components of appendicular skeleton
Support pectoral and pelvic girdles and limbs
40% of skeletal muscle |
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| Nerve regeneration in CNS |
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Definition
Many more axons involved
Astrocytes produce scar tissue, prevent axon growth across damaged area
Astrocytes release chemicals that block growth of axons. |
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The charge difference across a cellular membrane.
Resting cell-negative charge inside
Resting potential-transmembrane potential of a resting cell.
Produce electrical signals by moving ions across the membrane
-move due to concentration gradient AND charge attraction
-ions move down electrochemical gradient |
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| 5 main membrane processes in neural activities |
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Definition
1. Resting potential-transmembrane potential of resting cell
2. Graded potential-temporary, localized change in resting potential, caused by stimulus
3. Action potential-electrical impulse produced by graded potential, propagates along surface of axon to synapse
4. Synaptic activity-releases neurotransmitters at presynaptic membrane, produces graded potentials in postsynaptic membrane
5. Information processing-response (integration of stimuli) of postsynaptic cell. |
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| Passive forces acting across the membrane |
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Chemical gradients
-concentrationgradients of ions (Na+, K+)
-K+ diffuses out of cell, Na+ diffuses into cell
Electrical gradients
-Separate charges of positive and negative ions
-Membrane is more permeable to K+ than Na+
(more K+ leaving than Na+ entering: negative charge)
-Result in potential difference |
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| Movement of charges to eliminate potential difference, (cations and anions will move together-attraction) |
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Amount of current a membrane restricts (how easy can the ions cross the membrane)
High resisitance=low current
change resistance by manipulating ion channels |
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