Term
|
Definition
-father of psychology
-student of Helmholtz
-developed structuralism
-opened the first psychology lab
-believed psychology should focus on analyzing consciousness
-criticized by behaviorists because of his primary research method of introspection
-introspection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of mind and behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the private inner experience of perceptions, thoughts, memories, and feelings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Greek philosopher
-believed in nativism
-nature over nurture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the view that certain kinds of knowledge are innate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Greek philosopher
-strong believer in philosophical empiricism
-believed the child's mind was a blank slate
-nurture over nature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the view that knowledge is obtained through experiences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-dualism
-body is made up of material substance, whereas the mind is made of spiritual substance
-believed the body and mind were two separate entities
-mind lives on after death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the belief that the mind and body are two separate things |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -British philosopher -disputed Descartes claim that the body and mind are separate -believed the mind is what the brain does |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the observable actions of humans and nonhumans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-developed functionalism
-introspection
-reasoned that the main function of all psychological processes must be to help one to survive and reproduce
-wrote "the principles of psychology" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-French surgeon
-introduced the idea that a specific part of the brain that is damaged, impairs a certain psychological function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-physiologist that developed a method for measuring the speed of nerve impulses
-discovered that not all mental processes occur instantaneously
-gave participants mild electrical shocks to different parts of their body and recorded the reaction time and realized that people would generally take longer to respond to the stimulus when shocked at their toes compared to their thigh |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a persons individual experience of the world and the mind |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an approach to psychology that analyzes the basic elements that make up the mind |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a method in which a person's individual experience is examined |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| William James's school of thought that analyzes the purpose that mental processes serve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-naturalist
-proposed the principle of natural selection
-developed the theory of evolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the features of an organism that helps it to survive and reproduce; more likely than other features to be passed down to the next generation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-french physician
-studied patients who had developed hysteria
-discovered that when patients who have hysteria are put into a trance-like state(hypnosis), their symptoms disappeared. and when they come out of the trance their symptoms reappear |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-developed the psychoanalytic theory
-believed all psychological problems arise from painful childhood experiences
-created a form of therapy called psychoanalysis
-suggested that memories reside in the unconscious
-believed that making unconscious things conscious was the key to the psychoanalytic cure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the part of the mind that operates outside of awareness but still influences thoughts, feelings, and actions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an approach that emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping one's feelings, thoughts, and actions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a therapeutic approach that focuses on bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness to better understand psychological disorders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-neo-freudian(new Freud)
-collective unconscious
-archetypes
-believed that libido(energy of sexual desire) is not just sexual energy but all energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-created individual psychology
-inferiority complex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Russian physiologist
-conducted an experiment with dogs in which he conditioned them to salivate(response) at the sound of a bell(stimulus) by ringing a bell every time he fed them
-discovered classic conditioning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-the principle of reinforcement
-"new" behaviorist
-created an experiment in which a rat was placed into a box that had lever on the wall that would give food once moved; realized that when the rat accidentally leaned on it, it would do it again; and once it learned that the lever would give it food the rat would continuously lean on the lever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the idea that psychology should restrict itself to studying objectively observable behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulu |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-behaviorism
-wanted psychologists to focus on people's behavior and reactions depending on a certain situation
-Little Baby Albert experiment in which he conditioned a baby to be afraid of a white rat by making loud sounds whenever the baby sees something white and furry |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the consequence that influences the behavior that proceeds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| temporary loss of cognitive or motor functions, usually as a result traumatizing experiences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a collectively inherited unconscious idea, thought or image |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adler's conception of a basic feeling of inadequacy stemming from childhood experiences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| form of therapy that had its greatest influence on clinical practice |
|
|
Term
| Freud's ideas were difficult to test which limits the interest in certain types of scientists |
|
Definition
| why did psychoanalysis diminish? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-humanist
-hierarchy of needs
-self-actualization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| humanistic therapists refer people that they are helping as ____ rather than patients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-humanist
-introduced client-centered therapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sensory input from the environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an action or physiological change in elicited by a stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-studied psychological illusions
-developed Gestalt psychology
-believed that during perception, the mind brings different elements together and combines them into a whole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| errors of perception, memory, or judgement in which subjective experience differs from objective reality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a psychological approach that emphasizes the active role that the mind plays in generating perceptual experience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an organized whole; separate items that are pieced together to form a whole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-social psychologist
-argued that the best way to predict a person's behavior was not to understand the stimuli to which they were responding, but to understand their subjective interpretation of the stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory, and reasoning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-believed that humans have the innate ability to develop language
-disagreed with Skinner about language acquisition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an approach to psychology that links psychological processes to activities in the nervous system and other bodily processes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-conducted experiments with trained rats running through mazes
-surgically removed parts of the rats brain and measured how well the rat ran through the maze
-while hoping he would find the location in the brain where learning occurs, he only realized that the more he removed parts of the brain, the more poorly the rat ran the maze |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the field of study that attempts to understand the links between cognitive processes and brain activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-psychologist who researched taste aversion
-found out that evolution has prepared the brain to associate nausea with the smell of food and that it would take longer for the brain to condition itself to an artificial association |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of psychology that explains mind and behavior in terms of the adaptive value of abilities that are preserved over time by natural selection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
perspective:
-think of the mind as a collection of specialized "modules" that are designed to solve human problems like eating, mating, and reproducing
-the brain is not an all-purpose computer that can door learn on thing just as easily as it can do or learn another
-the brain is a computer that was built to do few a things well and do other things not so well |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of the causes and consequences of sociality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of how cultures reflect and shape the psychological processes of their members |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of information in which an object/person is focused on without paying attention to the surrounding context |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of information in which the relationship between an object/person is emphasized including the surrounding context |
|
|
