Term
|
Definition
| functions carried out by government & private agencies having to do with the punishment, treatment, supervision, & management of individuals who have been accused convicted of criminal offenses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of the processes & institutions involved in the punishment & prevention of crime |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the act of imposing some sort of unwanted burden such as a fine, probation, imprisonment, or death on convicted persons in response to their crimes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| period in history in which a major shift in the way people viewed the world & their place in it occurred, moving from a supernaturalistic to a naturalistic & rational worldview |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the Classical School of penology/criminology was a nonempirical mode of inquiry similar to the philosophy practiced by Greek philosophers - one based on logic & reason |
|
|
Term
| 3 elements of punishment according to Beccaria |
|
Definition
1. certainty
2. swiftness
3. severity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| positing that human action should be judged moral or immoral by its effects on the happiness of the community & that the proper function of the legislature is to make laws that maximize the pleasure & minimize the pain of the population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| those who believe that human actions have causes & that these causes are to be found in the thoughts & experiences that typically precede those actions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a philosophy of punishment driven by a passion for revenge |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a philosophy of punishment driven by simple deterrence & a need to repair the wrongs done |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a doctrine that maintains that all goals in life are for maintaining pleasure and/or avoiding pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the state of having good sense & sound judgment based on the evidence before us |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a method by which humans are expected to weight the anticipated benefits of an action against all possible costs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the capacity of humans to make choices & their responsibility to make moral ones regardless of their internal or external constraints on their ability to do so |
|
|
Term
| 5 punishment justifications that have been dominant in the United States over the last century |
|
Definition
1. retribution
2. deterrence
3. incapacitation
4. rehabilitation
5. reintegration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a philosophy of punishment that states that the degree of a criminal's punishment must match the harm done to the victims, that is, what they justly deserve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a philosophy of punishment aimed at the deterrence of crime due to the threat of punishment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the supposed effect of punishment on the future behavior of those who receive the punishment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when an ex-offender commits further crimes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the effect of punishment on future behavior depends on how much the punishment & the usual life experience of the person being punished differ or contrast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the assumed effect of the threat of punishment on the actions of the general population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a philosophy of punishment that maintains that criminals are unable to harm people outside of prison walls while they are locked up |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to a punishment system in which prison is reserved for a specific group of offenders such as repeat violent offenders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a philosophy of punishment aiming at "curing" criminals of their antisocial behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a philosophy of punishment that aims to help criminals be prepared to re-enter society after they have served their sentence |
|
|
Term
| retribution: justification |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| none: offenders simply deserve to be punished |
|
|
Term
| retribution: focus of perspective |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| retribution: image of offenders |
|
Definition
| free agents whose humanity we affirm by punishing them |
|
|
Term
| deterrence: justification |
|
Definition
| prevention of further crime |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| make punishment more certain, swift, & severe |
|
|
Term
| deterrence: focus of perspective |
|
Definition
| actual & potential offenders |
|
|
Term
| deterrence: image of offenders |
|
Definition
| rational beings who engage in cost/benefit calculations |
|
|
Term
| incapacitation: justification |
|
Definition
| risk control, community protection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| offenders cannot offend while in prison |
|
|
Term
| incapacitation: focus of perspective |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| incapacitation: image of offenders |
|
Definition
| not to be trusted but to be constrained |
|
|
Term
| rehabilitation: justification |
|
Definition
| offenders have correctible deficiencies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| treatment to reduce offenders' inclination to reoffend |
|
|
Term
| rehabilitation: focus of perspective |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rehabilitation: image of offenders |
|
Definition
| good people who have gone astray & will respond to punishment |
|
|
Term
| reintegration: justification |
|
Definition
| offenders have correctable deficiencies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| concrete programming to make for successful reentry into society |
|
|
Term
| reintegration: focus of perspective |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| reintegration: image of offenders |
|
Definition
| ordinary folk who require & will respond to concrete help |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a model of law that emphasizes community protection from criminals, & stresses that civil liberties can only have real meaning in a safe, well-ordered society |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a model of law that stresses the accused's rights more than the rights of the community |
|
|
