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Chapter 11
Language
33
Psychology
Graduate
04/30/2016

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Term
Language
Definition
A system of communication through which we code and express our feelings, thoughts, ideas, and experiences.
Term
Language Fun Facts
Definition
1. Need to communicate is powerful.
2. Everyone with normal capacities develop language and learn to follow its complex rules.
3. Language is universal across cultures.
4. Language development is similar across cultures.
5. Languages differ but are "unique but the same."
Term
Psycholinguistics
Definition
The field concerned with the psychological study of language.
Term
Parts of Psycholinguistics
Definition
1. Comprehension
2. Speech Production
3. Representation
4. Acquisition
Term
Comprehension
Definition
How people process language sounds; how they understand words, sentences, and stories expressed in writing, speech, or sign language; and how people have conversations with one another.
Term
Speech Production
Definition
Physical and mental processes that occur as a person creates speech.
Term
Representation
Definition
How people group words together into phrases and make connections between different parts of a story.
Term
Lexicon
Definition
A person's knowledge of what words mean, how they sound, and how they are used in relation to other words.
Term
Phoneme
Definition
The shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of a word.
Term
Morphemes
Definition
The smallest unit of language that has a definable meaning or grammatical function.
Ex. Trucks consists of a number of phonemes but only one morpheme.
Term
Phonemic Restoration Effect
Definition
When a phoneme in a word is heard even though it is obscured by a noise, such as a cough. This typically occurs when the word is part of a sentence.
Term
Speech Segmentation
Definition
The process of perceiving individual words within the continuous flow of the speech signal.
Term
Word Superiority Effect
Definition
The idea that letters are easier to identify when they are part of a word than when they are seen in isolation or in a string of letters that do not form a word.
Term
Word Frequency
Definition
The relative usage of words in a particular language.
Ex. Home is more frequent than hike.
Term
Word Frequency Effect
Definition
The phenomenon of faster reading time for high-frequency words than for low-frequency words.
Term
Lexical Decision Task
Definition
A procedure in which a person is asked to decide as quickly as possible whether a particular stimulus is a word or a non-word.
Term
Lexical Priming
Definition
Priming that involves the meaning of words. Typically occurs when a word is followed by another word with a similar meaning.
Ex. Ant >> Bug respond faster
Bug on its own will have a slower response.
Term
Semantics
Definition
The meanings of words and sentences.
Term
Syntax
Definition
The rules for combining words into sentences
Term
Parsing
Definition
The mental grouping of words in a sentence into phrases. The way a sentence is parsed determines its meaning.
Term
Temporary Ambiguity
Definition
A situation in which the meaning of sentences, based on its initial words, is ambiguous because a number of meanings are possible, depending on how the sentence unfolds.
Ex. "Castiron sinks quickly rust"
Term
Garden Path Sentence
Definition
A sentence in which the meaning that seems to be implied at the beginning of the sentence turns out to be incorrect, based on information that is presented later in the sentence.
Term
Syntax-First Approach to Parsing
Definition
The approach to parsing that emphasizes the role of syntax (Interactionist approach to parsing)
Term
Late Closure
Definition
In parsing, when a person encounters a new word, the parser assumes that this word is part of the current parse.
Term
Interactionist Approach to Parsing
Definition
The approach to parsing that takes into account all information - both semantic and syntactic - to determine parsing as a person reads a sentence. This approach assigns more weight to semantics than does the syntax - first approach to parsing.
Term
Inferences
Definition
The process by which readers create information that is not explicitly stated in the text.
Term
Coherence
Definition
The representation of a text or story in a reader's mind so that information in one part of the text or story is related to information in another part.
Term
Anaphoric Inference
Definition
An inference that connects an object or person in one sentence to an object or person in another sentence.
Term
Instrumental Inference
Definition
An inference about tools or methods that occurs while reading text or listening to speech.
Term
Causal Inference
Definition
An inference that results in the conclusion that the events described in one clause or sentence were caused by events that occurred in a previous clause or sentence.
Term
Situation Model
Definition
A mental representation of what a text is about.
Term
Given-New Contract
Definition
In a conversation a speaker should construct sentences so that they contain both given information and new information.
Term
Syntactic Priming
Definition
Hearing a statement with a particular syntactic construction increases the chances that a statement that follows will be produced with the same construction
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