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Chapter 11
Restitution of Function after Brain Damage
22
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Undergraduate 3
12/01/2015

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Term
ischemia
Definition
abolished or reduced blood supply to an organ
Term
penumbra
Definition
a zone characterized by neurons that are nonfunctional but still viable
Term
Is focal ischemia (occlusion of a brain artery by thrombosis or embolus)or global ischemia (shutting down the blood supply to the whole brain as can occur in cardiac arrest) more common?
Definition
focal
Term
What cells are especially vulnerable after global ischemia?
Definition
neurons in the CA1 field of the hippocampus
Term
Does the mature CNS produce substances that excite or inhibit axonal growth?
Definition
inhibit
Term
spasticity
Definition
the abnormally increased reactivity of the muscles to sensory stimuli
Term
How do neural circuits adapt to a novel situation?
Definition
they reorganize
Term
substitution
Definition
the type of adaption in which intact neuronal groups take over & substitute for the damaged parts
Term
How does the brain adapt for primary motor cortex damage?
Definition
other cortical areas partially substitute for functions lost & neuronal groups that normally control only one side of the body expand their activity to the other side as well
Term
What is caused by unilateral destruction of the vestibular apparatus in the inner ear?
Definition
severe dizziness & disturbances of posture & eye movements
Term
What is the difference between the first phase of improvement & the second phase of improvement following a stroke?
Definition
first = rapid improvement lasting from days to weeks

second = slower progress lasting from months to years
Term
What does altered blood flow (seen via PET or fMRI brain imaging) in a specific part of the brain after a stroke indicate?
Definition
altered activity caused by the stroke
Term
What do regions of the brain that send association connections to the premotor area influence?
Definition
voluntary movements
Term
What did use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in restituted stroke patients show?
Definition
nor only are cortical activation differently distributed but connectivity is also altered
Term
Are there structural changes in the brain following a stroke during recovery?
Definition
yes!
Term
After strokes, do simple, effortless movements require more or less attention & mental energy?
Definition
more
Term
What happens when a region of the motor cortex in charge of a specific body part is cooled?
Definition
the movements of that body part immediately become slower & weaker
Term
What happens when the first link of the disynaptic pathway from the cerebellum to the motor cortex is damaged?
Definition
voluntary movements become jerky & uncoordinated
Term
Are motivation & focused, selective attention important for effective learning?
Definition
yes!
Term
What is the release of monoamines a factor in?
Definition
plastic changes
Term
Where do the most clear-cut examples of successful recovery after early brain damage in infants come from?
Definition
lesions (even very large ones) of one hemisphere
Term
Do seizures inhibit cognitive development?
Definition
yes!
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