Term
| The nervous system is built up of nerve cells (called _____) & special kinds of supporting cells (called _____) |
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Definition
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Definition
| the cell body of a neuron from which several processes extend; AKA the perikaryon |
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| Multiple short _____ extend the receiving surface of the neuron |
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Definition
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| A single _____ conducts nerve impulses to other neurons or to muscle cells |
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Definition
| an electrical discharge that is how neurons respond to stimuli |
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Definition
| the transmission of a nerve impulse by a neuron |
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Definition
| the site of contact between the axon & the next neuron |
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Definition
| the chemical signal released from one neuron to the next when the nerve impulse reaches the synapse |
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Definition
| the location from where a neurotransmitter is released to convey a chemical signal from one neuron to the next |
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Term
| 2 broad groups of neurons |
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Definition
1. projection neurons (transmit signals over long distances)
2. interneurons (mediate cooperation among neurons that lie grouped together) |
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Definition
| rounds the axons of many neurons to increase the speed of impulse propagation |
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Term
| What two colors of nervous tissue are the most common? |
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Definition
| gray matter & white matter |
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Definition
| a group of neuronal somata that share connections & functional characteristics in the CNS |
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Definition
| a group of neuronal somata that share connections & functional characteristics in the PNS |
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Definition
| a bundle of axons that interconnect nuclei in the CNS |
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Definition
| groups of neurons that are interconnected & are responsible for performing the tasks of the CNS |
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Definition
| each neuron influences many other neurons in the CNS |
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Definition
| each neuron receives synaptic contacts from many others in the CNS |
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Term
| By _____, building materials & signal substances can be brought from the cell soma to the nerve terminals & signal substances are carried from the nerve terminal to the soma |
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Definition
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Term
| Do neurons have cell bodies with a nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm containing various organelles? |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 main kinds of processes that extend from the cell body |
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Definition
| dendrites & axons (AKA nerve fibers) |
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Definition
| side branches sent off from the parent axon |
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Definition
| small spikes that often are on dendrites which are sites of contact with other neurons |
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Term
| Most neurons have several processes & are therefore called _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Neurons in which one branch conducts impulses from the receptor toward the cell soma & the other conducts impulses toward & into the CNS are called _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Neurons that have two processes, one conducting toward the cell body & the other away from it are called _____ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| club-shaped enlargements on the terminal branches of an axon |
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Term
| terminal bouton/nerve terminal |
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Definition
| a bouton that sits at the end of an axon branch |
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Term
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Definition
| a bouton that is only a thickening along the course of the axon; axons may have several alone one terminal branch |
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Definition
| small vesicles in the bouton where the neurotransmitter is at least partly located |
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Term
| Can the synaptic cleft be observed under a light microscope? |
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Definition
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Definition
| the membrane of the bouton facing the cleft |
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Definition
| the membrane of the cell that is contacted across the synaptic cleft |
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Term
| How does the postsynaptic density connect to the cytoskeleton? |
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Definition
| with actin filaments & other proteins |
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Definition
| proteins in the postsynaptic density that bind to corresponding proteins in the presynaptic membrane to keep the nerve terminal in place |
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Definition
| synapses formed on the cell soma |
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Definition
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Definition
| synapses formed with a bouton & an axon |
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Term
| What color does myelin appear? |
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Definition
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Definition
| a collection of axons in the PNS |
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Definition
| how the various neuronal groups are interconnected in the brain |
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Definition
| when a nucleus receives connections from the nuclei to which it sends axons |
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Definition
| back-projections from reciprocal connections; the first nucleus is informed of the outcome of impulses emitted to the second one |
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Definition
| when many nuclei in the CNS have connections with both sides of the brain |
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Definition
| direct connections between corresponding parts in the two brain halves; demonstrates that the two sides of the CNS cooperate extensively |
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Definition
| the parts of the brain that are responsible for a specific function |
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Term
| The organization of the brain in distributed systems is particularly clear with _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| An important feature of distributed systems is that _____ can degrade their performance but seldom eliminate it |
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Definition
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Definition
| important for development & maintenance of neuronal shape |
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Term
| Neurofibrils of the cytoskeleton are responsible for the transport of _____ in the neuronal processes |
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Definition
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Term
| anterograde axonal transport |
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Definition
| transport from the cell body toward the nerve terminals |
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Term
| retrograde axonal transport |
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Definition
| transport toward the cell body from the nerve terminals |
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Term
| 3 main kinds of fibrillary proteins in the cytoskeleton |
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Definition
1. actin filaments
2. microtubules
3. intermediary filaments |
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Term
| Is actin present in the axon? |
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Definition
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Term
| When the axon elongates, actin together with microtubules serves to produce movements of the _____ at the tip of the axon |
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Definition
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Term
| What fibrillary protein is important for neuronal process shape? |
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Definition
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Term
| What percent of axonal proteins are intermediary filaments? |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 phases of axonally transported material |
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Definition
1. rapid (carries mainly organelles & vesicles...membrane-bound structures)
2. slow (carries mainly enzymes & components of the cytoskeleton) |
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Definition
| the protein that makes up microtubules |
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Definition
| help the formation of the tubes in microtubules from many tubulin molecules |
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Definition
| two kinds of MAPs found only in neurons that stiffen the microtubules |
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Definition
| proteins that are responsible for anterograde movement |
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