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| The mode of accepting knowledge based on a premise that people have agreed on, followed by reasoned argument |
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| The mode of accepting knowledge because a person in a position of authority claims something is true or valid |
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| A goal of science in which a researcher can manipulate variables in order to produce specific behaviors |
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| Interpretations of research that are based on objective results of a project |
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A goal of science in which behaviors are systematically and accurately characterized |
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| The method of discovery that relies on systematic observation and data collection for guidance on drawing conclusions |
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| A goal of science in which a researcher achieves awareness of why behaviors occur the way they do |
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1. A way of knowing that uses personal experience as the means of deciding what is true about behavior |
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1. A characteristic of science that any principle has to be amenable to testing to see if it is true or, more specifically, if it can be shown to be false |
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| Measurements that are not affected by personal bias and are well defined and specified |
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1. A process in which researchers submit their research for publication in a journal or present their research at a conference to other experts in the field who evaluate research |
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| A goal of science in which a researcher can specify in advance those situations in which a particular behavior will occur |
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1. A domain of inquiry that has the superficial appearance of being scientific but which does not rely on the critical scientific principles of objectivity, verifiability, empiricism, and being public |
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| Scientists make their research public, typically by making presentations at conferences of by publishing their work in journals or books |
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When scientists can recreate a previous research study |
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The mode of accepting knowledge based on empirically derived date |
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| The mode of accepting knowledge because one is comfortable with it and simply wants to hold onto it |
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| When scientists can reproduce a previous research study and generate the same results |
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| Process through which we seek to know and understand |
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| Process through which we interpret, remember, and then use information |
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| Complex beliefs or attitudes that reflect a principle, standard, or quality consider by the individual to be most desirable or appropriate |
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1) individualism and collectivism
2) power distance
3) masculinity and femininity
4) uncertainty avoidance |
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Definition
| Hofstede's international study of 117,000 people in 50 nations showed 4 cultural dimensions that reflect major ways people cope with their problems |
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1) extent to which people are independent of of dependent on groups
2) their views on prosperity or profit
3) their views on whether it is appropriate to exploit, fit in, or submit to outside world |
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| Schwartz 3 basic issues that make one social group different from another |
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| Individuals who believe the status quo, advocate self-discipline, and care about family, social order, and tradition |
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| Those who emphasize right of individuals to pursue their own idea and to enjoy variety of life for sake of pleasure and enjoyment |
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| Those who justify legitimacy of unequal distribution if power, resources, and social roles |
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| Those who see individuals as equals who share basic interests and should be treated equally |
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| Values support ambition and high self esteem and encourage individuals to exercise control over society and exploit it's natural resources (Humans from Avatar) |
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| Values based in ideas that world should be preserved and cherished rather than violated and exploited (Navi from Avatar) |
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| Harmony with controlled mastery |
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| Cultures high on hierarchy and low on egalitarianism |
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| Power and status differences among people |
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| Cultures high on egalitarianism and low on hierarchy |
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1) higher children's well being
2) more generous maternal leave
3) less advertising directed at children
4) less CO2 nation emitted |
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Definition
| Kasser's findings about societies emphasizing egalitarianism vs. hierarchy and harmony vs. mastery values |
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Work, achievement, striving for efficiency, consumption of material goods
(individualistic) |
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| Most fundamental values of western civilizations |
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| Respect for tradition, reverence to authority, and overall stability (collectivists) |
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| Essence of non-Western values |
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| They've outlived their historical usefulness |
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| Criticism of western values |
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1) nature of human beings is selfish
2) primary condition of nature is society
3) progress means growth, complexity, freedom, and competition |
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| Problematic assumptions underlying western values |
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1) harmony
2) inner accord
3) cooperation |
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| Western values should be changed to non-western values of |
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| Psychological tensions causes by the perceived mismatch (dissonance) between attitudes and behaviors, two Or more decisions, and 2 or more attitudes |
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| Tendency to be close minded, rigid, inflexible in one's opinions and subsequent behavior |
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| Process through which we seem to explain and identify causes of our own behavior and that of others |
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| Internal locus of control |
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| Generalized belief that control of one's reinforcement rests in controllable internal factors |
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| External locus of control |
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| Generalized belief that control of one's reinforcement rests on uncontrollable external factors |
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| Westerners are more likely to display |
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| Internal locus of control |
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| Tendency to take credit for successes and avoid responsibility for failures |
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| Tendency to explain one's own success as a result of external factored and one's failures as result of personal mistakes or weaknesses |
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| Justice-based views (individualistic cultures) |
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| Basic view of morality emphasizes autonomy if individual and their personal rights |
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Duty-based view
(collectivist cultures) |
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| Basic view of morality based in belief that obligation to others is basis of morality |
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| People have access to resources according to their skills and accomplishments |
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| Need based view on fairness |
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| People should receive equal shares of benefits |
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| Traits or characteristics generally attributed to all members of a specific group |
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