random movement of molecules in a fluid or gas powered by background thermal energy

things are always moving

C-C single bond

Electostatic interactions between two charged partiles

Can extend over greater distances than other forces

Charge repulsion occurs between similarly ch

Hydrogen bonding

enthalpy?

how many times weeker than covalent?

distance of electronegative atoms?

4-10 kj/mole

30-100 times weaker than covalent interactions

-total distance between the tow electronegativ atoms is ~0.27-0.30nm

Occur in distances of 0.2-0.3nm but is transient, there fore weaker

.weak short ranges between

permant dipols of tow uncharged molecules

permant dipole and an induced dipole

enough to stablize protein fold

 not bonds

. association of non-polar molecule or group with other non-polar molecules

.Depends upon the increased entropy (+delta S ) which occurs when water molecules surrounding a non-polar moelecule are freed to interact with each other in solution

.The cumulative effects of many hydrophobic interactions can have a significant effect on the stability of a macromolecule

.liberated H2O into bulk solution (entropic pay offf)...increases the randomness (entropy)

1) electostatic repulsion PO43- groups

2) H-bonding bases 

3) base stacking VW

4) hydrophibic effect

-no net change in H-bonding

deltaG=deltaH-TdeltaS

- - + slamduck favorable

+ + - double whammy unfavorable

-- decrease in temp

++ increase in temp

An acid is a substance that, when dissolved in water, increases the concentration of hydrogen ions

A base is a substance that, when dissolved in water, increases the concentration of hydroxide ion

An acid is a proton donor 

A base is a proton acceptor

Solutions of a weak conjugate acidbase pair

-resistant to pH changes