Term
| What was Robert Hooke's major contribution to the field of cell biology? |
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Definition
| He devised a crude microscope to examine the structure of cork (a bark tissue) from an oak tree. He coined the term "cell." |
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Term
| What are the components of the cell theory? |
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Definition
-All living organisms are made up of one or more cells
-All cells arise from pre-existing cells |
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Term
| Describe Pasteur's experiment and how it provided strong evidence that cells only arise from pre-existing cells. |
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Definition
a. Pasteur experiment with straight necked flask: He placed nutrient broth in straight-necked flask; Boiled it to sterilize the flask (killing any living cells that were in the broth); Pre-existing cells would then enter the flask through the air. He also had one that was closed off. The prediction (for spontaneous generation hypothesis and for all-cells-from cells hypothesis) was that cell would appear in the broth. The results were that cells only appeared in the open flask.
b. He also performed the same experiment with a swan-necked flask so that air could pass through (but pre-existing cells would be able to enter); this was to prove if spontaneous generation could occur. The results were that no cells appeared in the broth supporting the all-cells-from-cells hypothesis. |
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Term
| What are the three Domains of life? What evidence is there for these three domains? |
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Definition
| The three domains of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. The evidence for these three domains is in the rRNA showing comparisons between organisms |
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Term
| What are some characteristics of each Domain of life? |
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Definition
-Bacteria: single celled; prokaryotic cells
-Archaea: single celled, prokaryotic cells, and they are extremophiles (they like extreme environments)
-Eukarya: single and multicellular organisms; eukaryotic cells |
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Term
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Definition
| A member of the domain Bacteria or Archaea; a unicellular organism lacking a nucleus and containing relatively few organelles or cytoskeletal components. |
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Term
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Definition
| A member of the domain Eukarya: an organism whose cells contain a nucleus, numerous membrane-bound organelles, and an extensive cytoskeleton. May be unicellular or multicellular. |
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Term
| What are the five major steps of the Scientific Method? |
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Definition
-Observation
-Question
-Hypothesis
-Prediction
-Test |
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Term
| When performing a scientific experiment, why is it important to include a control group (i.e. a group that differs by only one variable)? |
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Definition
| It's important to include a control group so that your results will be as closely accurate as possible. It may mess with your results if your two groups aren't identical |
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Term
| What is mean by the phrase, "Correlation does not equal causation?" |
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Definition
| This means that although there is a correlation there may be a third “hidden” factor that be present. The correlation (observation) doesn’t prove that this was the cause. |
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Term
| Anton van Leeuwenhoek made an important contribution to the development of the cell theory. How? |
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Definition
| He invented more powerful microscopes and was the first to describe the diversity of cells |
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Term
| What does it mean to say that experimental conditions are controlled? |
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Definition
| All physical conditions except for one are identical for all groups tested |
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Term
The following two statements explain the logic behind the use of molecular sequence data to estimate evolutionary relationships:
“If the theory of evolution is true, then rRNA sequences should be very similar in closely related organisms but less similar in organisms that are less closely related.”
“On a phylogenetic tree, branches that share a recent common ancestor represent species that are closely related; branches that don’t share recent common ancestors represent species that are more distantly related.”
Is the logic of these statements sound? Why or why not? |
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Definition
| Yes. If evolution is defined as “change in the characteristics of a population over time,” then those organisms that are most closely related should have experienced less change over time. On a phylogenetic tree, species with substantially similar rRNA sequences would be diagrammed with a closer common ancestor--one that had the sequences they inherited—than the ancestors shared between species with dissimilar rRNA sequences. |
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