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| Anything that occupies space and has mass; the physical material of the university |
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| A substance consisting of atoms of the same atomic number. Historically defined as a substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means. |
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| the smallest representative particle of an element |
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| a chemical combination of two or more atoms |
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| the order of things that we can see with the unaided eye |
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| the order of things at the atomic or molecular level |
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| any characteristic that allows us to recognize a particular type of matter and distinguish it from other types |
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| What are the four states of matter? |
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| solid, liquid, gas, plasma |
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| no fixed volume or shape; it conforms to teh volume and shape of its container. can be compressed. |
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| distinct volume independent of its container but has no specific shape. It assumes the shape of the portion of the container it occupies. cannot be compressed. |
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| has both a definite shape and a definite volume. cannot be compressed. |
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| probably the most common state of matter in the universe. high temperature, high energy. lots of ions and free electrons moving around. cations, anions, neutral atoms. think: stars |
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| usually referred to simply as a substance; matter that has distinct properties and a composition that does not vary from sample to sample. water and table salt are examples of pure substances. |
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| substances composed of two or more kinds of atoms. Water, for example, is a compound composed of two elements: hydrogen and oxygen |
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| a mixture is a combination of two or more substances in which each substance retains its chemical identity |
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| define the law of constant composition (also known as the law of definite proportions) |
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| the observation that the elemental composition of a compound is always the same |
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| mixtures that do not have the same composition, properties and appearance throughout. example: rocks, wood |
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| mixtures that are uniform throughout. Example: air |
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| a homogeneous mixture. "solution" generally conjures an image of a liquid, but solutions can be solids, liquids or gases |
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| properties that can be observed without changing the identity or composition of the substance. these properties include color, odor, density, melting point, boiling point and hardness |
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| describe the way a substance may change or react to form other substances. a common chemical property is flammability |
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| the ability of a substance to burn in the presence of oxygen |
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| properties that do not depend on the amount of sample being examined; they are particularly useful in chemistry because many intensive properties can be used to identify substances |
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| properties that depend on the amount of the sample -- examples: mass, volume. extensive properties relate to the amount of substance present. |
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| a substance changes its physical appearance but not its chemical composition -- it is still the same substance before and after the change |
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| chemical change (also called a chemical reaction) |
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| a substance is transformed into a chemically different substance |
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| a mixture of a solid and liquid is poured through filter paper; the liquid passes through the paper while the solid remains on the paper |
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| a process that depends on the different abilities of substances to form gases |
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| a technique based on the differing abilities of substances to adhere to the surfaces of solids |
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| properties that are associated with numbers |
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| the units used for scientific measurements |
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| an explanation of the general causes of certain phenomena, with considerable evidence or facts to support it |
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| a concise verbal statement or mathematical equation that summarizes a broad variety of observations and experiences |
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| collect information by observation and experiments --> find repeatable patterns and trends --> formulate and test hypotheses to explain patterns and trends --> develop theory --> repeat |
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| units from the System International d'Unites. It has seven base units from which all other units are derived: kilogram, meter, second, Kelvin, mole, Ampere, Candela |
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| the amount of material in an object |
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| based on the assignment of 0 degrees C to the freezing point of water and 100 degrees C to the boiling point of water |
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| the SI temperature scale; the unit of temperature is the kelvin (K). Zero on the Kelvin scale is the lowest attainable temperature, -273.15 degrees C, which is absolute zero. units are the same "size" in Kelvin and Celsius |
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| the amount of mass in a unit volume of a substance |
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| numbers whose values are known exactly |
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| numbers whose values have some uncertainty |
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| a measure of how closely individual measurements agree with one another |
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| refers to how closely individual measurements agree with the correct or "true" value |
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| all digits of a measured quantity, including the uncertain one, are called significant figures |
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| in this approach, units are multiplied together, divided into each other, or "cancelled." Using dimensional analysis helps ensure that solutions to problems yield the proper units |
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| a fraction whose numerator and denominator are the same quantity expressed in different units |
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