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Chapter 1
Understanding Pharmacology
49
Nursing
Not Applicable
03/25/2014

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Term
absorption
Definition
Movement of a drug from the outside of the body into the bloodstream
Term
adverse drug reaction (ADR)
Definition
same as adverse effect
Term
adverse effect
Definition
a drug effect that is more severe than expected and has the potential to damage tissue or cause serious helath problems. It may also be called a toxic effect or toxicity and usually requires intervention by the prescriber
Term
agonist
Definition
An extrinsic drug that activates the receptor site of a cell and mimics the actions of naturally occuring drugs (intrinsic drugs).
Term
allergic response
Definition
Type of adverse effect in which the presence of the drug stimulates the release of histamine and other body chemicals that cause inflammatory reactions. The response may be as mild as a rash or as severe and life threatening as anaphylaxis
Term
antagonist
Definition
An extrinsic drug that blocks the receptor site of a cell, preventing the naturally occurring substance from binding to the receptor
Term
bioavailability
Definition
The precentage of a drug dose that actually reaches the blood.
Term
black box warning
Definition
A notice that a drug may produce serious or even life-threatening effects in some people in addition to its beneficial effects
Term
brand name
Definition
A manufacturer-owned name of a generic drug: also called a "trade name" or "proprietary name"
Term
cytotoxic
Definition
Drug action that is intended to a kill a cell or an orgnaism
Term
distribution
Definition
The extent that a drug absorbed into the bloodstream spreads into the three body water compartments
Term
Drug
Definition
Any small molecule that changes any body function by working at the chemical and cell levels
Term
drug therapy
Definition
The planned use of a drug to prevent or improve a health problem
Term
duration of action
Definition
The length of time a drug is present in the blood at or above the level needed to produce an effect or response
Term
elimination
Definition
The inactivation or removal of drugs from the body accompolished by certain body systems
Term
enteral route
Definition
movement of drugs from the outside of the body to the inside using the gastrointestinal tract
Term
extrinsic drugs
Definition
Drugs that are man-made (synthetic) or derived from another species; not made by the human body
Term
first-pass loss
Definition
Rapid inactivation or elimination of oral drugs as a result of liver metabolism
Term
generic name
Definition
National and international public drug name created by the United States Adopted Names (USAN) Council to indicate the usual use or chemical composition of a drug
Term
half-life
Definition
Time span needed for one half of a drug dose to be eliminated
Term
herbals
Definition
Natural products made from plants that cause a response in the body similar to that of a drug; also called botanicals
Term
high-alert drug
Definition
A drug that has an increased risk of causing patient harm if it is used in error
Term
intended action
Definition
Desired effect (main effect) of a drug on specific body cells or tissues; same as therapeutic response
Term
intrinsic drugs
Definition
Hormones, enzymes, growth factors, and other chemicals made by the body that change the activity of cells
Term
loading dose
Definition
The first dose of a drug that is larger than all subsequent doses of the same drug; used when it takes more drug to reach steady state than it does to maintain it
Term
mechanism of action
Definition
Exactly how, at the cellular level, a drug changes the activity of a cell
Term
medication
Definition
any small molecule that changes any body function by working at the chemical and cell levels (same as drug).
Term
metabolism
Definition
(drug metabolism) Chemical reaction in the body that changes the chemical shape and content of a drug, preparing the drug for inactivation and elimination
Term
minimum effective concentration (MEC)
Definition
The smallest amount of drug necessary in the blood or target tissue to result in a measurable intended action
Term
over-the-counter (OTC)
Definition
Drugs that are approved for purchase without a prescription
Term
parenteral route
Definition
Movement of a drug from the outside of the body to the inside of the body by injection
Term
Peak
Definition
Maximum blood drug level
Term
percutaneous route
Definition
movement of a drug from the outside of the body to the inside through the skin or mucous membranes
Term
personal responses
Definition
Unexpected adverse effects that are unique to the patient and not related to the mechanism of action of the drug. They are also called idiosyncratic responses.
Term
pharmacodynamics
Definition
Ways in which drugs work to change body function
Term
pharmacokinetics
Definition
How the body changes drugs; drug metabolism
Term
pharmacology
Definition
The science and study of drugs and their actions on living animals
Term
physiologic effect
Definition
The change in body function as an outcome of the mechanism of action of a drug
Term
potency
Definition
The strength of the intended action produced at a given drug dose
Term
prescription
Definition
An order written or dictated by a state-approved prescriber for a specific drug therapy for a specific patient
Term
prescription drugs
Definition
The legal status of any drug that is considered unsafe for self-medication or has a potential for addiction and is only available by prescription written by a state-approved health care professional
Term
receptors
Definition
Physical place on or in a cell where a drug can bind and interact
Term
sequestration
Definition
The "trapping" of drugs within certain body tissues, delaying their elimination and extending their duration of action
Term
side effects
Definition
Any minor effect of a drug on body cells or tissues that is not the intended action of a drug
Term
steady state
Definition
Point at which drug elimination is balanced with drug entry, resulting in a constant effective blood level of the drug
Term
target tissue
Definition
The actual cells or tissues affected by the mechanism of action or inteded actions of a specific drug
Term
transdermal
Definition
Type of percutaneous drug delivery in which the drug is applied to the skin, passes through the skin, and enters the bloodstream
Term
trough
Definition
The lowest or minimal blood drug level
Term
vaporized
Definition
Changing of a drug from a liquid form to a gas that can be absorbed into the body by inhalation
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