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Greek Physician
Nerves convey fluid secreted by the brain and spinal cord to the body's periphery |
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| Camillo Golgi & Santiago Ramon y Cajal |
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1800's
first detailed descriptions of neural cells |
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| individual neurons are the elementary signaling elements of the nervous system |
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1920's
American embryologist
demonstrated that the two major projections of the nerve cells (axon and dendrites) grow out from the cell body and do so even in tissue culture in which each neuron is isolated from other neurons |
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leads the developing axon to its target (nerve or muscle cells)
Proposed my Ramon Y Cajal and confirmed by Harrison |
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late 1700's
Italian physician
living excitable muscle and nerve cells produce electricity |
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| Emil DuBois-Reymond, Johannes Muller, & Hermann von Helmholtz |
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German physiologists
electrical activity of one nerve cell affects the activity of an adjacent cell in predictable ways |
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Nineteenth Century (1800s)
France
drugs do not interact with cells arbitrarily, but bind to specific receptors typically located in the membrane on the cell surface |
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Nineteenth Century (1800s)
Germany
drugs do not interact with cells arbitrarily, but bind to specific receptors typically located in the membrane on the cell surface |
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Definition
Nineteenth Century (1800s)
England
drugs do not interact with cells arbitrarily, but bind to specific receptors typically located in the membrane on the cell surface |
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Definition
| nineteenth century (1800s) |
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| the study of animal behavior in the natural enviornment |
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| the study of human and animal behavior under controlled conditions |
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eighteenth century (1700s)
German physician and neuroanatomist
phrenology
*advocated that all behavior emanated from the brain
*particular regions of the cerebral cortex controls specific functions (cerebral cortex divided into at least 35 organs, each responsible for a specific mental faculty)
*the center for each mental function grew with use |
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Term
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1820's
French physiologist
opposed phrenology
aggregate-field view
proposed that all brain regions, especially the cerebral hemispheres of the forebrain, participated in every mental function |
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Term
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Definition
1823, Flourens
"all perceptions, all volitions occupy the same seat in these (cerebral) organs; the faculty of perceiving, of conceiving, of willing merely constitutes therefore a faculty which is essentially one"
all mental functions could be reduced to actions within the brain (thus, disproving the existence of the soul) |
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mid-nineteeth century (1850s-ish)
British neurologist
studied focal epilepsy
different motor and sensory functions can be traced to different parts of the cerebral cortex |
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Definition
Jackson, Wernicke, Sherrington, & Ramon y Cajal
individual neurons are the signaling units of the brain; they are generally arranged in functional groups and connect to one another in a precise fashion |
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Definition
spinal cord
medualla oblongata
pons
cerebellum
midbrain
diencephalon
cerebral hemispheres |
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Term
| Cornerstone of modern brain science |
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Definition
| based from Gall's original idea that different regions are specialized for different functions |
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Term
| Parallel Distributed Processing |
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Definition
| many sensory, motor, and cognitive functions are served by more than one neural pathway |
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Term
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Definition
| receives and processes sensory information |
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Definition
medulla
pons
midbrain
receives sensory information from the skin and muscles of the head and provides the motor control for the muscles of the head |
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Term
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Definition
located in the brain stem
receives information from the skin and muscles of the head, controls motor output to the muscles in the face, neck and eyes, specialized for information from hearing, balance, and taste |
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Definition
| vital autonomic functions |
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Definition
| conveys information about movement |
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Definition
modulated the force and range of movement
involved in learning of motor skills |
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| major fiber tracts connecting the brain stem to the cerebellum |
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Definition
| controls sensory and motor functions |
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| processes most of the information reaching the cerebral cortex from the rest of the CNS |
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| regulates autonomic, endocrine, and visceral function |
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heavily wrinkled outer layer of the cerebral hemispheres
cognitive abilities
gray matter |
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Definition
| cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus, and amygdaloid nuclei |
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Definition
| regulates motor performance |
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| coordinates the autonomic and endocrine responses of emotional states |
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diencephalon
cerebral hemispheres |
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Definition
| hindbrain and midbrain, excluding the cerebellum |
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| separates the precentral gyrus from the postcentral gyrus |
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| concerns sensory information |
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| language disorder found most often in patients who have suffered a stroke |
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Definition
French Neurologist
founded neuropsychology
1864- Broca's Area |
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Term
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Definition
1861
Broca's patient who could understand language, but could not speak |
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| Gustav Fritsch & Eduard Hitzig |
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Definition
1870
characteristic and discrete limb movement in dogs can be produced by electrically stimulating the localized region of the precentral gyrus of the brain |
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Definition
1876- publishes "The Sympton-Complex of Aphasia: A Psychological Study on an Anatomical Basis"
Describes aphasia involving failure to comprehend language rather than failure to speak
advanced the idea of distributed processing |
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Term
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Definition
| different components of a single behavior are processed in different regions of the brain |
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Definition
Wernicke's area & the auditory cortex
integrates auditory, visual, and somatic sensation into complex perceptions |
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Term
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Definition
predicted by Wernicke
the receptive and motor speech zones themselves are spared (from damage) but the neuronal fiber pathways that connect them are destroyed
characterized by use of incorrect words |
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twentieth century (1900s)
German anatomist
began school of cortical localization; sought to distinguish different functional areas of the cortex based on variations in the structure of cells and in the characteristic arrangement of these cells and cell layers: called cytoarchitectonic method |
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Brodmann
distinguished 52 anatomically and functionally distinct areas in the human cerebral cortex |
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Definition
twentieth century (1900's)
British neurologist
advocate of aggregate-field view |
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Definition
twentieth century (1900's)
German neuropsychologist
advocate of aggregate-field view |
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Definition
twentieth century (1900's)
Russian behavioral psysiologist
advocate of aggregate-field view |
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Definition
twentieth century (1900's)
American psychologist
advocate of aggregate-field view |
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Definition
introduced by Lashley
brain mass, not its neural components, are crucial to its function (like building a muscle) |
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Definition
1930s
English
applying tactical stimuli to different parts of a cat's body elicits electrical activity in distinctly different subregions of the cortex, allowing for the establishment of a precise map of the body surface in specific areas of the cerebral cortex as described by Brodmann
supports localization of function |
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Term
| Wade Marshall & Phillip Bard |
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Definition
1930s
American
applying tactical stimuli to different parts of a cat's body elicits electrical activity in distinctly different subregions of the cortex, allowing for the establishment of a precise map of the body surface in specific areas of the cerebral cortex as described by Brodmann
supports localization of function |
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| Wilder Penfield & George Ojemann |
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Definition
1950s
used small electrodes to stimulate the cortex of awake patients during brain surgery for epilepsy in search of areas that produce language
confirmed Broca's and Wernicke's areas |
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| Alfonso Caramazza & Edgar Zurif |
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Definition
mid 1970s
discovered that different lesions within Wernicke's area give rise to different failures to comprehend
lexical processing
syntatical processing |
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Definition
| inability to understand the meaning of words |
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Definition
| ability to understand the relationship between the words of a sentence |
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| Michael Posner, Marcus Raichle, & colleagues |
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Definition
1988
discovered that incoming sensory information that leads to language production and understanding is processed in more than one pathway (via PET scans) |
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Term
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Definition
disorders of affective language localized to the right hemisphere
classified as sensory, motor, or conduction |
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Term
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Definition
chronic temporal lobe epilepsy
patients manifest characteristic emotional changes, some of which occur only fleetingly during the seizure
includes feelings of deja vu and unreality, transient visual or auditory hallucinations, feelings of depersonalization, fear, anger, delusions, sexual feelings, and paranoia |
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Definition
evident in patients not having seizures
represent a true psychiatric syndrome |
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| Roger Sperry & Michael Gazzaniga |
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Definition
discovered that consciousness is not a unitary process
studied split-brain patients
each hemisphere had it's own separate consciousness that could interfere with the other |
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