Term
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Definition
studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another
the study of structure |
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Term
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Definition
concerns the functions of the body, in other words, how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities
the study of function |
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Term
| what are the subdivisions of anatomy |
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Definition
| gross/macroscopic, microscopic, developmental, specialized branches |
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Term
| define gross or macroscopic anatomy |
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Definition
| study of large body structures visible to the naked eye |
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Term
| different approaches to gross anatomy (3) |
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Definition
regional anatomy - all the structures in a particular region of the body
systemic anatomy - body structure is studied system by system
surface anatomy - the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface |
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Term
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Definition
| structures too small to be seen with the naked eye |
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Term
| subdivisions of microscopic anatomy |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| considers the cells of the body |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span |
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Term
| subdivision of developmental anatomy and it's definition |
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Definition
| embryology concerning developmental changes that occur before birth |
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Term
| specific organ sysstems in physiology |
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Definition
renal physiology
neurophysiology
cardiovascular physiology |
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Term
| what does phyiology often focus on? |
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Definition
| cellular and molecular events |
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Term
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Definition
| kidney function and urine production |
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Term
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Definition
| explains the workings of the nervous system |
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Term
| cardiovascular physiology |
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Definition
| examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels |
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Term
| principle of complementarity |
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Definition
anatomy and physiology are inseparable
function is dependent on structure
form of structure relates to its function |
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Term
| from smallest to largest what are the levels of structural organization? |
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Definition
chemical
cellular
tissue
organ
organ system
organismal |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cells and their organelles |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| contains two or more types of tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| organs that work closely together |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| list the 11 systems of the body |
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Definition
| integumentary system, skeletal system, muscular system, nervous system, endocrine system, cardiovascular system, lynphatic system/immunity, respiratory system, digestive system, urinary system, reproductive system |
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Term
| components and functions of integumentary system |
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Definition
skin, nails, hair
forms external body covering and protects deeper tissues from injury; synthesizes vitamin D and houses cutaneous receptors and sweat and oil glands |
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Term
| components and functions of the skeletal system |
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Definition
bones and joints
protects and supports body organs; provides framework the muscles use to cause movement; blood cells formed within bones; bones store minerals |
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Term
| components and functions of the muscular system |
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Definition
skeletal muscle
allows manipulation of the nevironment, lovomotion, and facial expression; maintains posture; produces heat |
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Term
| components and functions of the nervous system |
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Definition
spinal cord, brain, nerves
responds to internal and external changes through the appropriate muscles and glands |
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Term
| components and functions of the endocrine system |
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Definition
thyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, pituitary gland, pineal gland, ovary (women), testis (men)
secrete hormones that regulate and processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells |
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Term
| components and functions of the cardiovascular system |
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Definition
heart and blood vessels
transport blood which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.; the heart pumps blood |
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Term
| what is another word for the lymphatic system? |
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Definition
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Term
| components and functions of the lymphatic system |
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Definition
red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes
picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood, disposes of debris in teh lymphatic stream; houses white blood cells; mounts sattack against foreign substances within the body |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| components and functions of the urinary system |
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Definition
kidney, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body; regulates water, electrolyte, and acid base balance of the blood |
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Term
| components and functions of the respiratory system |
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Definition
nasal cavity, pharynx, bronchus, larynx, trachea, lung
keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide; |
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Term
| components and functions of the digestive system |
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Definition
oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus
breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; eliminated as feces (things are indigestible) |
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Term
| components of the male reproductive system |
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Definition
| prostate gland, penis, testis, scrotum, ductus deferens |
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Term
| components of the female reproductive system |
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Definition
| mammary glands (in breasts), ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina |
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Term
| function of the reproductive system |
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Definition
| produce offsprings; mammary glands of female breats produce milk to nourish newborn |
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Term
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Definition
| functinoal characteristics necessary to maintain life in humans |
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Term
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Definition
| factors required for life |
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Term
| list the necessary life functions (8) |
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Definition
| maintaining boundaries between internal and external environments, movement, responsiveness/irritability, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth |
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Term
| parts of maintaining boundaries |
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Definition
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Term
| name the three kinds of movement and give an example |
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Definition
whole organismal - walking, running, swimming...
substances - blood, foodstuffs, and urine
cellular level - contractility |
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Term
| define responsiveness and irritability and give examples |
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Definition
the ability to sense changes in the environment and then respond to them (stimuli)
withdrawal reflex and control of breathing rate |
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Term
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Definition
| breaking down of ingested food stuffs and absorption of simple molecules into blood |
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Term
| define metabolism and list it's two parts |
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Definition
all chemical reactions that occure within the body cells
anabolism and catabolism |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| synthesizing more complex cellular structure |
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Term
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Definition
| removing wastes from the body |
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Term
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Definition
| producing more cells or offsprings |
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Term
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Definition
| increase in size of a body part of the organism |
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Term
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Definition
| through diet, contain the chemical substances used for energy and cell building |
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Term
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Definition
| carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, proteins, and fats |
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Term
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Definition
| necessary essential for engery release (ATP production) |
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Term
| name the survival needs (5) |
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Definition
| nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, appropriate atmospheric pressure |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, and vitamins |
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Term
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Definition
| most abundant chemical in body; environment for chemical reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| affects rate of chemical reactions |
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Term
| aapropriate atmospheric pressure |
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Definition
| breathing and gas exchange in the lungs depend on a appropriate atmospheric pressure |
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Term
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Definition
the ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously
DYNAMIC state of equilibrium |
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Term
| homeostatic control mechanisms |
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Definition
involve continuous monitoring and regulation of many factors (variables)
nervous and endrocrine systems accomplish the communication via nerve impulses and hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| monitors the environment and responds to changes called stimuli (changes in controlled variables) |
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Term
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Definition
| determines the set point which is the level or range at which a variable is to be maintained; receives input and determines the appropriate response |
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Term
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Definition
| receives output from control center, provides the means to respond, response acts to reduce or enhance the stimulus (feedback) |
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Term
| what kind of feedback is most common? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| response reduces or shuts off the original stimulus |
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Term
| what is the goal of negative feedback? |
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Definition
| prevent sudden, sever changes in the body |
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Term
| example of a nervous mechanism that is negative feedback |
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Definition
| regulation of body temperature with the hypothalamus |
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Term
| example of an endrocrine mechanism that is negative feedback |
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Definition
| regulation of blood volume by ADH |
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Term
| sweating and shivering are a part of what type of feedback? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| response enhances original stimulus or exaggerates the original stimulus |
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Term
| what are positive feedbacks often refered to as? |
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Definition
| a cascades or amplifying effects |
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Term
| how frequent are positive feedback events? |
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Definition
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Term
| give 2 examples of a positive feedback |
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Definition
oxytocin that is released to enhance labor contractions
platelet plug formation and blood clotting |
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Term
| positive feedbacks are ___________ to start and keep going until they are told to stop |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what are the two results of homeostatic imbalances? |
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Definition
| increased risk for illness and produce the changes we associate with aging |
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Term
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Definition
| body is erect, feet are slightly apart, palms are facing forward, left and right refer to the sides of the person being viewed |
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Term
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Definition
| where one body structure is in relation to another |
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Term
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Definition
toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body;
above |
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Term
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Definition
away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body;
below |
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Term
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Definition
in front of
toward or at the back of the body |
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Term
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Definition
behind
toward or at the back of the body |
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Term
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Definition
on the inner side of
toward or at the midline of the body |
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Term
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Definition
on the outer side of
away from the midline of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| between a more medial and a more lateral structure |
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Term
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Definition
| closer to the origin of the body part or the oint of attachment of a limb to the body trunk |
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Term
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Definition
| farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk |
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Term
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Definition
| toward or at the body surface |
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Term
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Definition
| away from the body surface; more internal |
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Term
| two major body divisions of the body |
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Definition
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Term
| what does the axial skeleton contain? |
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Definition
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Term
| what does the appendicular skeleton contain? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| designate specific areas within major body divisions |
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Term
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Definition
| flat surface along which body or structure is cut for anatomical study |
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Term
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Definition
| verical plane that divides the body into right and left parts and produces a sagittal section |
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Term
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Definition
| sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline |
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Term
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Definition
| sagittal planes offset from midline |
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Term
| another name for frontal plane |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| divide body into anterior and posterior |
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Term
| another name for transverse plane |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| runs horizontally from right to left, dividing body into superior and inferior parts; create a cross section |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| the dorsal body cavity has how many subdivisons and what are their names? |
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Definition
2
cranial cavity
spinal cavity |
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Term
| dorsal body cavity protects what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| enclose the delicate spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| another name for internal organs |
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Definition
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Term
| how many subdivisions does the ventral cavity have? what separates them? and what are their names? |
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Definition
2
separated by diaphragm
thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity |
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Term
| what are the names of the subdivisions of the thoracic cavity? |
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Definition
| pleural cavities, mediastinum, and pericardial cavity |
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Term
| how many pleural cavities do you have and what do the hold? |
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Definition
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Term
| mediastinum holds what and is surrounded by what? |
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Definition
holds pericardial cavity
surrounded by thoracic organs |
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Term
| what does the pericardial cavity hold? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the names of the abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions? |
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Definition
| abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity |
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Term
| what does the abdominal cavity hold? |
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Definition
| stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver |
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Term
| what does the pelvic cavity hold? |
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Definition
| urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum |
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Term
| define serous membrane and what is another name for it? |
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Definition
thin, double layered membrane separated by serous fluid
serosa |
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Term
| what are the names of the two serosa? |
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Definition
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Term
| what does parietal serosa line? |
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Definition
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Term
| what do visceral serosa cover? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is between the parietal and visceral serosae? and what is it filled with? |
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Definition
serous cavity
filled with serous fluid |
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Term
| abdominopelvic quadrants are used primarily by who? and how many are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| adbominopelvic regions are primarily used by who? and how many are there? |
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Definition
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