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| The scientific study of life |
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| is the process of change that transforms life |
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§Life’s levels of organization define the scope of biology
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–Life emerges through organization of various levels
–With addition of each new level, novel properties emerge—called emergent properties
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–Biosphere—all the environments on Earth that support life
–Ecosystem—all the organisms living in a particular area
–Community—the array of organisms living in a particular ecosystem
–Population—all the individuals of a species within a specific area
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–Organ systems—have specific functions; are composed of organs
–Organs—provide specific functions for the organism
–Tissues—made of groups of similar cells
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–Molecules—clusters of atoms
–Organelles—membrane-bound structures with specific functions
–Cells—living entities distinguished from their environment by a membrane
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§Life requires interactions between living and nonliving components
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–Photosynthetic organisms provide food and are called producers
–Others eat plants (or animals that profit from plants) and are called consumers
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§To be successful, an ecosystem must accomplish two things
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–Recycle chemicals necessary for life
–Move energy through the ecosystem
Energy enters as light and exits as heat |
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| Combinations of structures (components) provide organization called a ? |
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§Two distinct groups of cells exist
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–Prokaryotic cells
–Simple and small
–Bacteria are prokaryotic
–Eukaryotic cells
–Possess organelles separated by membranes
–Plants, animals, and fungi are eukaryotic
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| Is the genetic (hereditary) material of all cells |
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The unity of life: All forms of life have common features
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–Order—the complex organization of living things
–Regulation—an ability to maintain an internal environment consistent with life
–Growth and development—consistent growth and development controlled by DNA
–Energy processing—acquiring energy and transforming it to a form useful for the organism
–Response to the environment—an ability to respond to environmental stimuli
–Reproduction—the ability to perpetuate the species
–Evolutionary adaptation—acquisition of traits that best suit the organism to its environment
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| The diversity of life can be arranged into three domains |
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Definition
–Bacteria—prokaryotic, and most are unicellular and microscopic
–Archaea—like bacteria, are prokaryotic, and most are unicellular and microscopic
–Eukarya—are eukaryotic and contain a nucleus and organelles
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§In 1859, Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection and the book accomplished two things.
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–Presented evidence to support the idea of evolution
–Proposed a mechanism for evolution called natural selection
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§Natural selection was inferred by connecting two observations
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§Individuals within a population inherit different characteristics and vary from other individuals
§A particular population of individuals produces more offspring than will survive to produce offspring of their own
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§Two approaches are used to understand natural causes for natural phenomena
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–Discovery science—uses verifiable observations and measurements to describe science
–Hypothesis-based science—uses the data from discovery science to explain science
–This requires proposing and testing of hypotheses
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§There is a difference between a theory and a hypothesis
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–A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a set of observations
–A theory is supported by a large and usually growing body of evidence
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–Science and technology are interdependent, but their goals differ
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Definition
–Science wants to understand natural phenomena
–Technology applies science for a specific purpose
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