Term
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Definition
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Term
| What does pharmacology study in relation to how drugs work in the body? |
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Definition
| looks at interactions with cells, tissues, and other organisms |
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Term
| What are two ways in which drugs work to create physiological changes within the body? |
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Definition
-stimulating responses
-depressing an existing response |
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Term
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Definition
| anything that goes into the body that takes effect |
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Term
| What are some examples of drugs? (6) |
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Definition
-OTC drugs
-herbal(ginko, garlic)
-vitamin
-mineral
-protein
-prescriptions |
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Term
| What is pharmacokinetics? |
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Definition
| properties of drugs within the body(how they work) |
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Term
| What ypes of materials should dentist offices include for reference materials? |
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Definition
| printed and computer based materials |
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Term
| How often must printed reference materials be updated? What are the two types? |
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Definition
updated frequently
-reference format and explanation based |
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Term
| What is good about computer-based references? |
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Definition
| more easily used and frequently updated |
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Term
| What is something to ask about drugs? |
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Definition
| do the benefits outweigh the risks |
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Term
| What are the three types of drug names? |
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Definition
1.experimental names
2.brand/trade name
3.generic name |
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Term
| What is the experimental name? |
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Definition
| start with first few letters of company, followed by number |
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Term
| What is the brand/trade name? |
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Definition
| chosen by the company, ex: tylenol |
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Term
| What is the generic name? |
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Definition
| gives information about which category the drug falls into, choosen by US adopted name council |
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Term
| Is the generic or brand name capitalized? |
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Definition
| Brand/trade name is capitalized, generic name is not(Ex- Tylenol(brand), acetemonphen(generic)) |
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Term
| Are generic drugs better than brand drugs and vice versa? |
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Definition
| fillers in brand compared to generic drug could be different and cause reaction so some people can't take a generic of a medication or a certain brand |
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Term
| When is chemical equivalence? |
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Definition
| when generic and brand name drugs have the same chemical structure |
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Term
| What is biological equivalence? |
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Definition
| generic and brand name drugs cause the same contradictions in the body |
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Term
| What is therapeutic equivalence? |
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Definition
| clinical trials establish that generic and brand name drugs are equally effective at treating the condition |
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Term
| When must therapeutic equivalence be established? |
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Definition
| before the generic is approved for sale |
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Term
| Who regulates the efficacy of drugs coming to the market and gives marketing approval? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who determines if a drug will be OTC or prescription, and the labeling of drugs? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who regulates trade practices and advertising? (how drugs are desribed, etc in commericals) |
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Definition
| Federal Trade Commission(FTC) |
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Term
| Who regulated manufacturing and distribution of drugs that may be abused? |
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Definition
| Drug enforcement administration(DEA) |
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Term
| What is the first clinical trial before phase I? What is it performed on? |
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Definition
| preclinical trial, done on cells, animals, NOT humans. A lot of these drugs don't make it to the market |
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Term
| How long do preclinical trials usually last? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens in Phase I clinical trials? |
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Definition
| FDA approved, done on healthy humans who do not have the condition the medicine is designed to treat, simply to test safety of product |
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Term
| How many patients are tested in Phase I and how long does it last? |
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Definition
| about 15-30 and a couple of months |
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Term
| Who is tested in phase II? |
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Definition
| people with the disorder the medicine was created for, but this trial is more about looking for side effects than helping with the issue |
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Term
| About how many people are involved in phase II? |
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Definition
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Term
| How long does phase II last? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who is tested in phase III? |
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Definition
| patients with the disorder, this trial is used to see if the drug actually works for what it is supposed to and this trial is also used to determine if this drug is better than what is already available |
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Term
| How many people are tested in phase III and how long does it last? |
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Definition
| 100's-1000's of people and it lasts years |
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Term
| WHat occurs during the FDA approval phase? |
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Definition
| the drug is being approved fr the market by the FDA |
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Term
| How long does FDA approval take? |
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Definition
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Term
| What has to happen before a drug moves on the a new phase in clinical trials? |
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Definition
| the FDA has to approve every stage |
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Term
| What is an adverse reaction? |
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Definition
| problems that a drug causes at normal doses |
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Term
| What are two things that drugs create at usual therapeutic doses? |
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Definition
| therapeutic an side effects |
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Term
| Are side effects life threatening? |
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Definition
| they could range anywhere from simply annoying to life threatening |
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Term
| What are the top two classes of drugs that cause adverse drug reactions? |
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Definition
Anesthetics, sedatives
and
Antibiotics, antifungals |
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Term
| Example of brand vs generic name |
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Definition
brand- Tylenol
generic-acetaminophen |
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Term
| What are used to determine common ADR's in new drugs? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who are ADR's reported to after drugs are commercially available and who reports them? |
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Definition
| they are reported to the FDA, health practitioners and consumers report ADR's |
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Term
| Who determines if a drug stays on the market? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some categories of adverse reactions? (8) |
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Definition
1.side effects
2.toxic reactions
3.allergic reactions
4.idiosyncratic reactions
5.mutagenic effects
6.teratogenic effects
7.interfering with natural defense reactions
8.drug interactions |
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Term
| Are side effects predictable? Are they dose-related? What do they act on? |
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Definition
| side effects are predictable, dose-related, and they act on nontargeted organs |
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Term
| What is a toxic reaction? |
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Definition
| the drug works too much on the target organ or tissue |
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Term
| Are toxic reactions predictable? Dose related? Act on target organs? |
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Definition
| they are predictable, dose related, at on target organs, they are extensions of pharmacologic effects |
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Term
| Are allergic reactions predictable? Are they dose-related? |
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Definition
| allergic reactions are NOT predictable or dose-related |
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Term
| When are side effects more common? |
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Definition
| at higher doses and when excretion pathways are compromised(when kidneys and liver does not work well) |
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Term
| What are therapeutic effects? |
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Definition
| when the drug works on the target organ/tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when pharmacologial effects on the target organ are experienced to an extent that they cause damage |
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Term
| Why do toxic effects occur? |
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Definition
| occurs due to sensitivity of the patient to the drug, also when excretion pathways are compromised or dur to genetic predisposition |
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Term
| What are pharmacogenomics? |
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Definition
| looking at someone's enzyme profile to determine what they metabolize at certain rates |
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Term
| What is an allergic reaction? |
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Definition
| hypersensitivity to drug, immune system responds to the drug as if it were a dangerous antigen |
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Term
| What can a allergic reaction cause? |
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Definition
| anaphylaxis or other effects |
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Term
| What is the type I drug allergy? |
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Definition
-IgE antibodies
-causes anaphylactic shock, asthma, and dermatitis
-this is the most dangerous type of allergy but also most rare |
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Term
| What is a Type II allergy? |
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Definition
-IgG/IgM antibodies
-causes anemias(an immune system response against blood cells) |
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Term
| What is a Type III allergy? |
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Definition
-IgG antibodies
-most delayed reaction
-causes serum sickness(blood vessels, arthritis, kidney issues, etc) |
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Term
| What is a Type IV allergy? |
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Definition
-T lymohocyte mediated
-causes inflammatory reactions
-localized reactions like rash, goes away quickly |
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Term
| What are idiosyncratic differences? |
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Definition
| genetic variations in the way people metabolize drugs |
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Term
| What can idiosyncratic differences be associated with? Are they predictable? |
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Definition
| may be associated with different ethic groups, sometimes there is no way to tell whether it will occur |
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Term
| What do metagenic effects cause? |
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Definition
| damage to DNA, may cause disorders within the person taking the medication(cancers) |
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Term
| Are mutagenic effects heritable? |
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Definition
| if it effects the gametes |
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Term
| What are teratogenic effects? |
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Definition
| caused by drug exposure to developing fetus in a pregnant woman |
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Term
| When is a drug rated category C? |
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Definition
| if the drug appears safe but there is not enough information to prove it |
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Term
| What must you always ask a woman of childbearing age before deciding on drug treatment? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the categories of drugs for pregnancy(teratogenic effects) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
no known danger after sufficient human studies have been performed
*safest* |
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Term
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Definition
| No known danger after animal studies, sufficient human studies have not yet been performed |
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Term
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Definition
animal studies show teratogenic effects, sufficient human studies have not yet been performed
**most common** |
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Term
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Definition
| human studies show potential teratogenic effects but benefit to the mother may outweigh the risk to the fetus |
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Term
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Definition
| human studies show definite teratogenic effects, no situation in which benefit to the mother outweighs the risk to the fetus |
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Term
| Treatment with certain drugs can cause what after dental procedures? |
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Definition
| can make a patient more susceptible to infection |
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Term
| Some drugs are BLANK immunosuppresants, other are BLANK |
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Definition
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Term
| When do drug interactions occur? |
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Definition
| when one substance alters the effect of a drug, could be another drug or even a food |
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Term
| When do drug interactions often happen? |
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Definition
| when the drugs share a pharmacokinetic pathway |
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Term
| Are drug interactions harmful? |
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Definition
| most often harmful, but they may be beneficial |
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Term
| What does drug absorption and distribution depend on? (3) |
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Definition
-the route of drug administration
-the distribution at the administration site
-chemical properties of the drug |
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Term
| What are the two ways that drugs can be administered? |
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Definition
| Enteral(directly into GI tract) or parenteral(bypasses GI tract) |
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Term
| How are enteral drugs administered? |
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Definition
| orally(most common) or rectal/vaginally (least common) |
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Term
| How are parenteral drugs administered? |
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Definition
| injected(most common), inhaled, topical, pumps/implants |
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Term
| Are pills and tablets efficient? |
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Definition
| some of the least efficient mechanisms for drug distribution into the body, but are simple to the administer |
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Term
| What happens to pills/tablets when you swallow them? |
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Definition
-stomach breaks down the outside coating
-then it breaks apart medication
-it then needs to diffuse throughout the stomach and GI tract
-it is then absorbed into the GI tract |
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Term
| How can injected drugs be administered? |
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Definition
| intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, inteathecal, or intraperitoneal |
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Term
| What are two things that effect the absorption of a drug administered by injection? |
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Definition
| the blood flow to the tissue where it is injected, the solubility of the drug |
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