Term
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Definition
| THE ENTIRE SYSTEM OF CRIMINAL PREVETION, DETECTION,APPREHENSION, TRIAL, SENTENCING, PUNISHMENT, OR OTHER FORMS OF SUPERVISION WITHIN THE COMMUNITY. |
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Term
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Definition
| A PENALTY OR PUNISHMENT THAT IS IMPOSED ON A PERSON IN ORDER TO ENFORCE A LAW. |
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Term
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Definition
| A PERSON FOUND GUILTY OF AN ACT THAT VIOLATES CRIMINAL LAW. |
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Term
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Definition
| A PUNISHMENT THEORY USUALLY IMPLEMENTED BY IMPRISONING AN OFFENDER TO PREVENT THE COMMISSION OF ANY OTHER CRIMES BY THAT PERSON. IN SOME COUNTRIES (AND IN EARLIER DAYS IN THE U.S.) INCAPACITATION INVOLVED MUTILATION, SUCH AS REMOVING THE HANDS OF THIEVES AND CASTRATING SEX OFFENDERS. |
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Term
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Definition
| THE BELIEF THAT THOSE WHO COMMIT CRIMES SHOULD SUFFER FOR THOSE CRIMES. ALSO, THE AMOUNT OR TYPE OF PUNISHMENT A PARTICULAR OFFENDER DESERVES TO RECEIVE. |
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Term
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Definition
| A PUNISHMENT PHILOSOPHY BASED ON THE BELIEF THAT THE OFFENDER CAN AND WILL CHANGE INTO A LAW-BIDING CITIZEN THROUGH TREATMENT PROGRAMS AND FACILITIES. |
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Term
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Definition
| A PUNISHMENT PHILOSOPHY BASED ON THE ASSUMPTION THAT THE ACTS OF POTENTIAL OFFENDERS CAN BE PREVENTED. |
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Term
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Definition
| PREVENTION OF ADDITIONAL CRIMINAL ACTS BY THE SPECIFIC INDIVIDUAL BEING PUNISHED |
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Term
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Definition
| THE PRESUMED EFFECT THAT PUNISHING ONE OFFENDER WILL HAVE ON OTHER POTENTIAL OFFENDERS. |
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Term
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Definition
| EMBODIED IN PROBABTION, PAROLE, THE INDETERMINATE SENTENCE, AND THE JUVENILE COURT. |
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Term
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Definition
| REMOVAL OF THE TESTES IN THE MALE OR THE OVARIES |
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Term
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Definition
| THE BELIEF THAT THOSE WHO COMMIT CRIMES SHOULD SUFFER FOR THOSE CRIMES. ALSO, THE AMOUNT OR TYPE OF PUNISHMENT A PARTICULAR OFFENDER DESERVES TO RECEIVE. |
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Term
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Definition
| IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM, AUTHORITY TO MAKE DECSIONS BASED ON ONE'S OWN JUDGEMENT RATHER THAN ON SPECIFIED RULES. |
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Term
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Definition
| STATUTES DEFINING ACTS SO OFFENSIVE THAT THEY THREATEN THE WELL-BEING OF SOCIETY AND REQUIRE THAT THE GOVERNMENT PROSECUTE THE ACCUSED. CRIMINAL LAW PRESCRIBE PUNISHMENTS THAT MAY BE IMPOSED ON OFFENDERS |
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Term
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Definition
| DISTINGUISHED FROM CRIMINAL LAW AS THAT LAW PERTAINING TO PRIVATE RIGHTS. |
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Term
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Definition
| ONE OF TWO PRIMARY SYSTEMS FOR SETTLING DISPUTES IN COURT. THE ACCUSED IS PRESUMED TO BE INNOCENT. A DEFENSE ATTORNEY AND A PROSECUTING ATTORNEY ATTEMPT TO CONVINCE A JUDGE OR A JURY OF THEIR VERSIONS OF THE CASE |
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Term
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Definition
| ONE OF TWO PRIMARY SYSTEMS FOR SETTLING DISPUTES IN COURT, IN WHICH DEFENDANTS MUST PROVE THEIR INNOCENCE, IN CONTRAST TO THE ADVERSARY, WHICH HAS A PRESUMPTION OF INNOCENCE, REQUIRING THE STATE/FEDERAL TO PROVE A DEFENDANT'S GUILT BEYOND A REASONABLE DOUBT. |
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Term
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Definition
| THE CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLE THAT A PERSON SHOULD NOT BE DEPRIVED OF LIFE, LIBERTY, OR PROPERTY WITHOUT REASONABLE AND LAWFUL PROCEDURES THAT MUST BE MADE AVAILABLE IN ANY CRIMINAL PROCEEDING, INCLUDING POSTCONVICTION PROCEDURES, SUCH AS PRISON DISCIPLINARY HEARINGS OR PAROLE REVOCATIONS. |
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Term
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Definition
| ALL PERSONS UNDER LIKE CIRCUMSTANCES MUST RECEIVE ESSENTIALLY THE SAME TREATMENT IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM; THEY MAY NOT BE DISCRIMINATED AGAINST BECAUSE OF RACE OR EHTNICITY, GENDER, MINORITY STATUS, DISABILITY, OR RELIGION. |
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Term
| CRUEL AND UNUSUAL PUNISHMENT |
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Definition
| THE PUNISHMENTS PROHIBITED BY THE 8TH AMENDMENT TO THE U.S. CONSTITUTION, AS INTERPRETED BY THE COURTS. (EXAMPLES: TORTURE, PRISON CONDITIONS THAT "SHOCK THE CONSCIENCE", EXCESSIVELY LONG SENTENCES, AND THE DEATH PENALY FOR RAPE BUT NOT MURDER OF AN ADULT WOMAN) |
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Term
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Definition
| LAW THAT THE LEGISLATURE HAS ORIGINATED AND PASSED BY A WRITTEN ENACTMENT. |
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Term
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Definition
| THE LAWFUL EXERCISE OF AUTHORITY. THE AREA WITHIN WHICH AUTHORITY MAY BE EXERCISED, SUCH AS THE GEOGRAPHICAL AREA WITHIN WHICH A PARTICULAR POLICE FORCE HAS AUTHORITY. |
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Term
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Definition
| WHEN MORE THAN ONE COURT HAS AUTHORITY TO HEAR THE SAME CASE. |
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Term
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Definition
| ONLY ONE COURT MAY HEAR THE CASE |
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Term
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Definition
| POWER OF A COURT TO HEAR A CASE ON APPEAL |
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Term
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Definition
| LEGALLY BINDING COURT INTERPRETATIONS OF WRITTEN LAWS OR RULES MADE BY THE COURTS |
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Term
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Definition
| BROADLY DEFINED, THE LEGAL THEORY AND LAW THAT ORIGINATED IN ENGLAND AND IS ALSO COMMON IN THE U.S. CONSISTS OF GUIDELINES, CUSTOMS, TRADITONS, AND JUDICIAL DECISION MAKING. CONSTRATED WITH CONSTITUTIONS AND WRITTEN LAWS. |
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Term
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Definition
| RULES AND REGULATIONS MADE BY AGENCIES TO WHICH POWER HAS BEEN DELEGATED BY A STATE LEGISLATURE OR BY THE U.S. CONGRESS. ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES INVESTIGATE AND DECIDE CASES CONCERNING POTENTIAL VIOLATIONS OF THESE RULES. |
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Term
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Definition
| AN ILLEGAL ACT OF OMISSION OR COMMISSION THAT IS PUNISHABLE BY CRIMINAL LAW |
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Term
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Definition
| A LESS SERIOUS OFFENSE, PUNISHABLE BY A FINE, PROBATION, OR A SHORT JAIL TERM. |
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Term
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Definition
| A SERIOUS OFFENSE, SUCH AS MURDER, ARMED ROBBERY, OR RAPE. PUNISHMENT RANGES FROM EXECUTION TO IMPRISONMENT IN A STATE OR FEDERAL INSTITUION BUT ALSO INCLUDES PROBATION, COMMUNITY WORK SERVICE, FINES, AND OTHER LESS PUNITIVE SANCTIONS, AS WELL AS A COMBINATION OF THESE MEASURES. |
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Term
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Definition
| ACTIONS THAT ARE INTRINSICALLY IMMORAL, SUCH AS MURDER, FORCIBLE RAPE, AND ROBBERY |
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Term
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Definition
| ACTIONS THAT ARE WRONG BECAUSE LEGISLATION PROHIBITS THEM, ALTHOUGH THERE MAY NOT BE GENERAL AGREEMENT THAT THEY ARE WRONG IN THEMSELVES, SUCH AS TH POSSESSION OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF MARIJUANA. |
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Term
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Definition
| IN CRIMINAL LAW, REFERS TO A CRIME THAT MAY BE DEFINED AS INVOLVING A SUBSTANTIAL STEP TOWARD THE COMMISSION WITH THE INTENT TO COMMIT THAT CRIME |
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Term
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Definition
| AN OBLIGATION TO ANOTHER THAT IS IMPOSED BY LAW, SUCH AS THE DUTY OF A PARENT TO GO TO THE RESCUE OF HIS/HER CHILD. |
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Term
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Definition
| THE CRIMINAL INTENT OF THE ACCUSED AT THE TIME THE CRIMINAL ACT IS COMMITTED |
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Term
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Definition
| IN LAW, AN ACT THAT A REASONBALE PERSON WOULD NOT DO, OR WOULD NOT FAIL TO DO UNER SIMILAR CIRCUMSTANCES. NEGLIGENCE DOES NOT REQURE CRIMINAL INTENT. |
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Term
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Definition
| A SYSTEMATIZED STATEMENT OF CRIMINAL LAW BY THE AMERICAN LAW INSTITUTE. THIS CODE IS OFTEN USED AS THE MODEL FOR STATE CRIMINAL CODES. |
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Term
| AIDS (ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME) |
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Definition
| A DEADLY DISEASE THAT ATTACKS THE IMMUNE SYSTEM. IT IS COMMUNICATED THROUGH EXCHANGE OF BODY FLUIDS, ESPECIALLY DURING SEXUAL ACTIVITY AND BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS, BUT IT CAN ALSO BE TRANSMITTED IN OTHER WAYS. |
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Term
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Definition
| IN CRIMINAL LAW, THE REQUIREMENT THAT THE ACT BE THE CAUSE OF THE HARMFUL CONSEQUENCE. |
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Term
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Definition
| FACTS SURROUNDING A CRIME THAT ARE CONSIDERED TO BE A PART OF THAT CRIME AND THAT MUST BE PROVED ALONG WITH THE ELEMENTS OF THE CRIME |
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Term
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Definition
| RESPONSES BY THE DEFENDANT IN A CRIMINAL OR CIVIL CASE. THEY MAY CONSIST ONLY OF A DENIAL OF THE FACTUAL ALLEGATIONS OF THE PROSECUTION OR OF THE PLAINTIFF. IF THE DEFENSE OFFERS NEW FACTUAL ALLEGATIONS IN AN EFFORT TO NEGATE THE CHARGES, THERE IS AN AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSE. |
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Term
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Definition
| THE STEALING OF AN INDIVIDUAL'S SOCIAL SECURITY NUMBER OR OTHER IMPORTANT INFORMATION ABOUT HIS/HER IDENTITY AND USING THAT INFORMATION TO COMMIT CRIMES, SUCH AS REMOVING FUNDS FROM THE VICTIM'S BANK ACCOUNT. |
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Term
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Definition
| FORCED SEXUAL ACTS THAT OCCUR DURING A SOCIAL OCCASSION. THE ALLEGED VICTIM MAY HAVE AGREED TO SOME INTIMACY BUT NOT TO THE ACTIVITIES DEFINED IN THAT JURISDICTION AS CONSTITUTING THE ELEMENTS OF RAPE |
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Term
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Definition
| A PROHIBITIVE REMEDY ISSUED BY A COURT AND ORDERING SOMEONE OR AN AGENCY TO DO SOMETHING OR STOP DOING SOMETHING; BASED ON A REQUEST BY A PARTY WHO PETITIONS THE COURT FOR THE RELIEF. |
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Term
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Definition
| THE ABUSING OF A FETUS, WHICH MAY OR MAY NOT LEAD TO ITS DEATH. IN SOME JURISDICTIONS, ANY RESULTING INJURY MAY LEAD TO LEGAL CULPABILITY. IN A FEW STATES, KILLING A FETUS MAY RESULT IN MURDER CHARGES. |
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