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•was once defined as the study of the psyche or the mind, of the spirit, of consciousness, and more recently as the study of, or the science of, behavior |
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| Contemporary Psychologist |
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•Contemporary Psychologists engage
•Seek biological correlates of mental events
•Concentrate on the principles that govern learning
•Study unconscious behavior
•Improve industrial-organizational productivity |
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| is the study of the proper way to write history |
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| Problems in Writing History |
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- Where to Start
- What to Include
- Choice of Approach
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•Perspective
•Deeper Understanding
•Recognition of Fads and Fashions
•Avoiding Repetition of Mistakes
•A Source of Valuable Ideas
•Curiosity |
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•A combination of Rationalism and Empiricism
•The Search for Laws
•The Assumption of Determinism |
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| The Traditional View of Science |
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•The traditional view is that science involves empirical observation, theory formulation, theory testing, theory revision, prediction, control, the search for lawful relationships, and the assumption of determinism |
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•(1902-1994) disagreed with the traditional description of science in two fundamental ways.
•Scientific activity starts with a problem and the problem determines what observations scientists will make. The next step is to is to propose solutions to the problem and then attempt to find fault with the proposed solutions |
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| Principle of Falsifiability |
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Definition
•The demarcation criterion that distinguishes a scientific theory from a nonscientific theory is the principle of falsifiability.
•Thus, for a theory to be scientific it must make risky predictions- predictions that run a real risk of being incorrect.
•A major problem with many psychological theories (such as Freud’s and Adler’s) is that they engage in postdiction (explaining phenomena after they have already occurred) rather than in prediction. |
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•Paradigms and normal science
–Preparadigmatic stage
–Paradigm
–Normal science |
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belief that everything is caused: the doctrine or belief that everything, including every human act, is caused by something and that there is no real free will |
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| theory that some actions are undetermined: the philosophical theory that human beings have free will and their actions are not always and completely determined by previous events |
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| The belief that human thought or behavior is freely chosen by the individual and is therefore not caused by antecedent physical or mental events |
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| What is the nature of human nature? |
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| How are the mind and the body related? |
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- the belief that the human brain is capable of spontaneous or innate ideas
- Anyone who believes that important human attributes such as intelligence are inherited
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| a theory that all knowledge originates in experience |
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| the philosophical theory that all natural phenomena, including human behavior, can be explained by physical causes and processes |
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a doctrine that maintains that life and the functions of a living organism depend on a nonmaterial force or principle separate from physical and chemical processes.
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the belief that thought and action should be governed by reason
the belief that reason and logic are the primary sources of knowledge and truth and should be relied on in searching for and testing the truth of things |
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the belief that feelings and intuition are more important than reason
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| How are the humans related to nonhuman animals? |
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| the branch of philosophy that studies the nature of knowledge, in particular its foundations, scope, and validity |
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| Subjective vs. Objective Reality |
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esiting in the mind;belonging to the thinking subject rather than to the object of
vs.
not influenced by personal feelings, interpretations, or prejudice; based on facts; unbiased |
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| Anyone who believes that there are two aspects to humans; one physical and one mental |
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| taking the best from a variety of viewpoints |
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| those who believe that there is only one reality |
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| The belief that the relationship between the mind and body is mediated by God |
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| the belief that bodily events and mental events are separate but correlated because both were designed to run identical courses |
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