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| the study of behavior and experience |
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| the idea that everything that happens has a cause, or determinant, that one could observe or measure |
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| the question of how experience relates to the body |
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| one theory to the mind-brain problem, says that the mind is separate form the brain but somehow controls the brain and therefore the rest of the body |
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| theory for the mind-brain problem, says that the mind and the brain are the same thing |
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| Positron Emission Tomography (PET) |
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| a technique to measure brain activity |
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| how do differences in behavior relate to difference in heredity and environment? |
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| advanced degree in psychology, understand and help people with psychological problems, i.e. anxiety |
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| branch of medicine that deals with emotional disturbances. are doctors with a Ph.D, can prescribe medicine |
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| therapists who use freud's theories. psychiatry or clinical psychology plus 6-8 years in a psychoanalytic institute |
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| clinical psychologist with different training. masters degree + 2 years of supervised experience |
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| help people with educational, marriage, health, etc. has a doctorate degree. similar to clinical psychologist, but more focus on life decisions |
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| provide advice to police, lawyers, and courts. doctorate |
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| hires the right people for the right jobs, and helps people in the word place be more satisfied |
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set up first psych lab in leipzig, germany, 1879.
said that experiences are made of elements and compounds, |
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| human factors specialist (ergonomist) |
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| help to let ordinary people operate machinery |
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| developmental psychologist |
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| study how behavior changes with age |
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| how our behavior depends on the outcome of past behaviors and our current motivation, i.e. if you eat something then feel sick, you will form an aversion to it |
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| explains behavior in terms of biological factors, i.e. chemicals in nervous system, effects of drugs and hormones, etc. |
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| evolutionary psychologist |
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| explains behavior in terms of the evolutionary history of the species |
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| cross-cultural psychologist |
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| compares behaviors of people form different cultures |
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| study how individuals influence others and how the group influences the individual |
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student of wundt, founded structuralism.
psychologists abandoned his theories |
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founded functionalism
the founder of american psychology |
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| a theory that wanted to figure out how people produced behaviors. looking at how trains systems interact while it is running. |
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| an attempt to describe the structures that compose the mind through introspection. in other words, stopping a train to tear it apart to study its parts is structuralism. this theory was later abandoned because it was deemed unanswerable |
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| a light that is twice as intense does not look twice as bright |
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| the description of the relationships of physical properties of a stimulus and its perceived properties (lights being bright) |
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| founded theory of evolution by natural selection |
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| signal for food goes out and the animal needs to find it |
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| a barrier is placed in front of food and the animal needs to figure out how to get it |
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| comparative psychologists |
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| specialists who compare different animal species |
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| the founder of behaviorism |
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| a field of psychology that concentrates on behaviors and not mental processes |
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| when there is very little evidence to prove a theory wrong |
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| obligation to present evidence to support one's claim |
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| valid results are accompanied by detailed instructions on replicating the experiment so that anyone can produce it and get the same results |
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| combining the results of many small studies to create one outcome |
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| scientists choose theories with the least radical assumptions or those that are consistent with other well-established theories |
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| perpetual motion machines |
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| these machines violate the laws of physics, and claims of such machines should be looked at with skepticism. |
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| was "intelligent" and could count, but scientist found that hans could only read people's expressions |
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| extrasensory perception (esp) |
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a claim that some people can sometimes acquire information without any physical energy
anecdotes are usually the only form of evidence |
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| "predicted" the future with very vague descriptions |
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| a "psychic" who he deceived his audience with magic |
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| a common lab test for esp, a test subject must sense the name of a movie title without any stimuli |
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| a definition that has a numerical value, i.e. operational definition of hunger could be the number of hours since the last meal |
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| the whole group of people being considered |
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| a group chosen because it is easy to study |
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| resemble the population in terms of men/women, black/white, etc |
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| random sample (random assignment) |
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| every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected |
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| groups of people from at least two cultures |
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| investigator manipulates at least one independent variable while measuring at least one dependent variable |
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| institutional research board (irb) |
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| a panel of judges of ethical concerns in research involving humans who review proposals before a study can begin |
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| institutional animal care and use committee (iacuc) |
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| panel of judges for ethical concerns of research involving non-humans that reviews protocols before experiment can begin |
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| contains the brain and the spinal cord |
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| tendency of the experimenter to misperceive the results of the experiment based on the expected outcome |
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| counteracting experimenter bias |
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| use blind observers and participants |
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| observing what happens under natural conditions, i.e. jane goodall recorded chimpanzees in the wild |
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| a thorough observation and description of a person's life |
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| man who had his face impaled with an iron rod, and lost part of his frontal lob, but still managed to make an almost full recovery |
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| study of the belief's, attitudes, and behaviors based on people's response to questions. i.e. alfred kinsey's survey |
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some people won't take them seriously
wording of questions can influence choices
surveys must use random or representative samples |
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| correlation and causation |
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| correlation does not mean causation. correaltional research only tells if and how two variables are related. i.e. do people get more sleep because they are dying, or are people dying because they get more sleep? |
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| there is no linear relationship between the variables |
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| measure of the relationship of two variables outside of the investigator's control |
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| the numerical estimate of a relationship between two variables. can range form -1 to +1 |
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| physiological explanation |
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| the mechanisms in the brain that produce behavior. i.e. how birds figure out how to fly south for the winter |
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believes that psychology relates behavior to evolutionary history of the species
genes help some organisms to survive better and those organisms are more likely to reproduce and pass on those genes |
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| developmental explanation |
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deals with changes over age
believes that no one is born with a behavior, we are born with the capacity to develop one |
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| peripheral nervous system (pns) |
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nerves between the spinal cord and the rest of the body. has two subdivisions:
1. somatic nervous system
2. autonomic nervous system |
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part of the peripheral nervous system. controls the involuntary actions of interal organs. there are two subdivisions:
1. sympathetic nervous system
2. parasympathetic nervous system |
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| nerves that communicate with the skin muscles |
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| sympathetic nervous system |
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| fight or flight systems. uses energy i.e. accelerates heartbeat |
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| parasympathetic nervous system |
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| controls relaxation bodily functions, conserves energy i.e. lowers heartbeat |
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| two separate hemispheres, left and right. separate by the corpus callosum |
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| thick bundle of neuronal fibers, connect the hemispheres together and allow them to communicate |
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the outer covering of the brain. has four lobes:
1.frontal lob
2. occipital lobe
3. temporal lobe.
4. parietal lobe |
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| front part of the brain, includes the primary motor cortex and prefrontal cortex. also contains mirror neurons. |
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| allow you to mimic others actions, leads to a deeper connection. |
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| controls certain aspects of memory and decision making. impaired prefrontal cortex leads to impulsive decisions |
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| allows for fine movements, i.e. pointing one finger at a time |
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| located in the rear of the head, controls vision. damage to this area can cause cortical blindness |
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| people with cortical blindness have no visual imagery, not even dreams |
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| located on the left and right side of the head, controls hearing and complex aspects of vision. damage to this lobe can cause motion blindness, motion deafness, and inability recognize faces. contains the amygdala |
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| lies deep in the temporal lobe, responds strongly to emotional situations. damaged amygdalas find it hard to read faces or emotional situations |
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| located in front of the occipital lobe. contains the primary somatosensory cortex. parietal lobe is responsible for the senses, i.e. touch, pain, temperature,and awareness of location of body parts. |
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| primary somatosensory cortex |
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| part of the parietal lobe, has cells sensitive to touch in different areas of the body |
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| includes pons, medulla, and cerebellum |
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| regulates many important body functions, i.e. hunger, thirst, sex, etc |
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| regulates memory processes |
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| medulla oblongata and pons |
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| regulate levels of arousal in the brain, also breathing and heart rate |
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| important for coordination and timing. also handles how well you can switch from one task to another |
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| a system of glands that releases hormones into the bloodstream |
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| chemicals released by glands into blood that alter the activity in various organs and affect mood, behavior, etc. i.e. serotonin, testosterone |
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| releases hormones and controls the other glands in your body |
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| magnetoencephalographs and electroencephalographs |
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| record electrical and magnetic activity int he brain. used to diagnose alzheimer's and schizophrenia |
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| provides high resolutions pictures of brain activity using 3D images from a large series of 2D x-rays |
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| positron emission tomography (pet) |
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| proves a picture of the brain using radioactivity from chemicals injected into the bloodstream |
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| functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri) |
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| uses magnetic detectors outside the head to compare the amounts of hemoglobin with and without oxygen in different brain areas |
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| controls muscles from the neck down, also controls reflexes |
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| carry information from sense organs to the central nervous systems. neurons in the cns then process the information and send commands to muscles, glands, and organs through motor neurons |
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| send information to you brain telling you if something is hot after you touch it |
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cells that support the neurons by insulating them and bringing them nourishment
they are 1/10th the size and 10 times as numerous as neurons
they remove waste products and foreign bodies
if you kill the glia the neurons will die |
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cell body (contains the nucleus)
axon
dendrites |
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| long, thin, straight fiber with branches that transmit information to the dendrites and cell bodies of neighbor neurons. some are covered with myelin |
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| branches that receive input from other neurons |
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| insulating sheath that speeds up the transmission of impulses along an axon |
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| action potential (neural impulse) |
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| a combination of electrical and chemical impulses. it is an excitation that travels along an axon at a constant strength, no matter how far it travels (look at diagram for sodium potassium pump) |
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| a message that decreases the probability that the next cell will send a message of its own. i.e. an inhibitory message would stop neurons from sending a sensation of pain throughout your body after stepping on a tack |
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| communication between neurons occurring at the synapses |
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| specialized junctions between two neurons. releases a chemical that can excite or inhibit the next neuron |
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| located at the end of every branch of the axon; releases a neurotransmitter |
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| a chemical that activates receptors of other neurons |
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| neuron on the receiving end of the synapse |
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| what can happen after the nuerotransmitter detaches from the receptor site |
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1. be reabsorbed by the axon that it released it (called reuptake)
2. diffuse away
3. be metabolized and removed from the body as a waste product
4. remain in the synapse and reattach to the receptor |
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