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| (Plato) We are predisposed or born with certain mind structures that predetermine how we perceive the world. |
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| knowledge through experience and focuses on observation and objective data. |
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| (Descartes) belief that humans are composed of two substances- a body and a soul. The body is physical, limited, and measurable. The mind or psyche is a product of the soul. These two parts are inter-related because the soul controls the body. |
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| (Descartes) change to accommodate behavior not controlled by the mind. Animals were believed to not have souls, thus their behavior is controlled by their bodies. This introduces reflexes |
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| established the first psychological laboratory. His approach to psychology was based on introspection |
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| (Wundt) involves looking inward at one's own mental processes. |
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| belief that behavior is comprised of a collection of parts that fit together like a physical structure; considered the first major school of thought in psychology and it emphasizes the study of immediate conscious experience. |
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| coined the term Structuralism and conducted experiments similar to Wundt's at Cornell University, thus spreading Wundt's ideas to the United States. |
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| founder of American psychology and taught the first psychology course at Harvard; wrote the textbook Principles of Psychology. |
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| (James) emphasized the useful role of behavior in working toward a specific goal. Like Structuralism, it emphasized the immediate conscious experience; focuses on the action of the mind and how behavior functions. |
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| started the American Journal of Psychology and founded the American Psychological Association in 1892. He had an interest in child psychology and was the founder of developmental psychology. |
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| believed that Pavlov's Classical Conditioning of animals was applicable to humans. He created Behaviorism- all behavior is learned as a function of the environment. |
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| "Little Albert Experiment" |
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| under Watson, a baby was trained to fear a soft white rabbit |
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| believed that even complex human behavior, such as language, could be explained in terms of environmental consequences. |
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| (Skinner) emphasizes conscious learning of the consequences of behavior. Specifically, the probability of behavior will increase if it is followed by reinforcement, and the probability of a behavior will decrease if it is not followed by reinforcement or if punishment follows. |
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| a movement of psychology that emphasizes the global nature of perception of objects and it established the principles of organization. |
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| "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts." |
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| just looking at the basic elements does not capture the essence of the entire experience. |
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| Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Kohler |
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| current leading school of thought, you can change your life by changing your thoughts. Your thoughts control your emotions so your body reacts to your positive and negative thoughts. |
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| (Freud) belief that childhood experiences are significant precursors to a person's current psychological adjustment and personality. |
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| the first female president of the American Psychological Association. |
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| became the first female to officially receive a PhD. |
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| Leta Stetter Hollingsworth |
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| was probably the first woman to focus on women's issues. |
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| the first African American to receive a PhD; studied race relations and equality and psychology in religion. |
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| first African American to be elected president of the American Psychological Association. |
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| the scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
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| a descriptive research design that allows for observation of behavior carried out in natural settings where the researcher does nothing to influence or change the behavior of the subjects in order to see effects. |
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| relies on existing data such as governmental, academic, or media records which are examined by a researcher to test a hypothesis. |
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| emphasize statistical findings, can be used to generalize a large group |
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| emphasizes the uniqueness of each correspondent, and tries to go as deep as possible about how a subject feels about the matters being studied. |
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| a "less is better" concept, the simplest explanation to data is best. |
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