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Chapter 11
Tis a thing of beauty
12
Biology
Undergraduate 1
10/08/2012

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Term
Signal Transduction Pathway 
Definition

A series of steps by which the signal on a cell's surface is converted into a specific cellular response 

Convert signals into cellular responses 

Pathway similarities suggest thta ancestral signaling molecules evolved in prokaryotes and were modified later in eukaryotes 

Concentration of signaling molecules allows bacteria to detect population density 

Ex: Fruiting buds in bacteria 

Term
Local Regulators 
Definition

Messenger molecules that travel only short distances 

Often used in animal cells for communication 

Term
Hormones 
Definition
Chemicals used by plants and animals for long-distance signaling
Term

Reception 

Transduction

Response 

 

Definition
The three processes a cell goes through when receiving signals 
Term
Ligand 
Definition

The molecule that binds to the receptor when a signal is sent

Highly specific to receptor 

A shape change in a receptor is often the initial transduction of the signal 

Most signal receptors are plasma membrane proteins 

Term
G Protein-coupled Receptors 
Definition

A plasma membrane receptor that works with the help of a G Protein

 

Term
G Proteins 
Definition

 A family of proteins involved in transmitting chemical signals originating from outside a cell into the inside of the cell

Act as an on/off switch

If GDP is bound to the G protein, the G protein is inactive 

Term
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases 
Definition

Membrane receptors that attach phosphates to tryosines 

Can trigger multiple signal transduction pathways at once [image]

Term

Ligand-Gated Ion Channel

 

Definition

A receptor that acts as a gate when the receptor changes shape 

When a signal moleule binds as a ligand to the receptor, the gate allows specific ions, such as Na+ and Ca2 through a channel in the receptor [image]

Term
Small or hydrophobic chemical messengers 
Definition

Chemical messengers that can readily cross the membrane and activate the intended receptor 

Ex: Steroid and thyroid hormones of animals 

Term
Activated Hormone-Receptor Complex 
Definition
Can act as a transcription factor, turning on specific genes
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