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| The period between 4000 and 3200 B. C. during which the first cities in Mesopotamia were developed. |
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| The period that follows the Uruk period, during which southern Mesopotamia was home to a series of city states. |
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| Stepped pyramid found in many Mesopotamian temple precincts. |
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| Small undecorated vessels made of coarse clay that are ubiquitous on Uruk- period sites. |
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| A writing system in which signs were impressed in wet clay. It was used to write a range of languages, including Sumerian and Akkadian. |
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| One of the methods developed by Mesopotamian scribes to mark ownership. |
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| Artifact discovered at the site of the Hierakonpolis; its two sides show the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt under King Narmer. |
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| the dynasty based in hierakonpolis and Abydos in upper Egypt. |
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| A concept that combines the virtues of balance and justice; it was of central importance to Egyptian society. |
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| the third dynasty Egyptian king who constructed the first pyramid, located at Saqqara. |
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| A Fourth Dynasty Egyptian king who constructed the first and largest pyramid ever built at Giza. |
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| A Fourth Dynasty Egyptian king who constructed a pyramid at Giza that was slightly smaller than the one constructed by Cheops. The great Sphinx is located alongside the Cepheren Valley Temple. |
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| The last Fourth Dynasty Egyptian king to build a pyramid at Giza; it was smaller than the other pyramids and at least partially sheathed in polished granite. |
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| a religious reformer who built the city of amarna. |
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