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| Any behavior or emotional state that causes a person great suffering, seriously impairs the person's ability to work or get along with others, or endangers others in a community. |
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| Behavior that deviates from the norm. Not the same as mental disorder. |
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1) The danger of over-diagnosis. “If you give a small boy a hammer, it will turn out that everything he runs into needs pounding.” Example: ADHD is the fastest-growing disorder in America now that it’s been diagnosed.
2) The power of diagnostic label. “Whew! So that’s what I’ve got!” It can reassure people who are seeking an explanation for their emotional symptoms/problems, but can also be a self-fulfilling prophecy. Also, once given a label, it sticks like lint. People see the person in terms of the label; observers may ignore changes in their behavior.
3) The confusion of serious mental disorders with normal problems. The DSM includes serious disorders and everyday problems; some critics fear that it might imply that the two are comparable. |
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| Four Contributing Factors: genetic factors, life experiences, problems with close attachments, and cognitive habits.
1) Biological Factors. Genes, some of which protect/make vulnerable to depression, affect serotonin and other neurotransmitters in the brain.
2) Life Experiences and Circumstances. History of separations and losses, insecure attachments. Violence. Work satisfaction.
3) Cognitive Habits: learned helplessness, rumination (brooding about everything that is wrong in your life), and pessimism.
Vulnerability-Stress Model: Approaches that emphasize how individual vulnerabilities (i.e., in genes or personality traits) interact with external stresses or circumstances to produce mental disorders.
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Biological Model: Addiction, whether to alcohol or any other drug, is due primarily to a person’s biochemistry, metabolism, and genetic predisposition.
Learning Model: Examines the role of the environment, learning, and culture in drug abuse and addiction. Four major findings:
1) Addiction patterns vary according to cultural practices and the social environment.
2) Policies of total abstinence tend to increase rates of addiction rather than reduce them.
3) Not all addicts have withdrawal symptoms when they stop taking a drug.
4) Addiction does not depend on properties of the drug alone but also on the reasons for taking it. |
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A psychotic disorder or group of disorders marked by positive or active symptoms, which are additions to normal behavior, and negative symptoms, which are the loss of normal traits.
Symptoms: Positive/Active: Bizarre delusions, hallucinations, disorganized, incoherent speech, grossly disorganized an inappropriate behavior. Negative: loss of motivation, poverty of speech (making only brief, empty replies in conversation), and emotional flatness.
Theories:
1) Genetic predisposition.
2) Structural brain abnormalities.
3) Neurotransmitter abnormalities.
4) Prenatal problems or birth complications.
5) Adolescent abnormalities in brain development. |
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| Any behavior or emotional state that causes a person great suffering, seriously impairs the person's ability to work or get along with others, or endangers others in a community. |
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| Behavior that deviates from the norm. Not the same as mental disorder. |
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| Psychological tests used to infer a person's motives, conflicts, and unconscious dynamics on the basis of the person's interpretations of ambiguous stimuli. |
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| A projective personality test that requires respondents to interpret abstract, symmetrical inkblots. Responses are interpreted according to the symbolic meanings emphasized by psychodynamic theories. Reliability and validity has not been proved. |
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| Thematic Apperception Test. A projective test that asks respondents to interpret a series of drawings showing scenes of people; usually scored for unconscious personality traits and motives, such as the need for achievement, power, or affiliation. |
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| Objective Tests (Inventories) |
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| Standardized objective questionnaires requiring written responses; they typically include scales on which people are asked to rate themselves. These tests often fail to take into account differences among cultural, regional, and socioeconomical groups. |
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| Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory: a widely used objective personality test for assessing disorders. |
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| The DSM is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The standard reference manual used to diagnose all mental disorders. The DSM-IV was published in 1994 and revised slightly in 2000. It is 900 pages long and contains nearly 400 diagnoses. |
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| A general state of apprehension or psychological tension. |
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| Generalized Anxiety Disorder |
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Definition
| A continuous state of anxiety marked by feelings of worry and dread, apprehension, difficulties in concentration, and signs of motor tension. |
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| Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) |
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| An anxiety disorder in which a person who has experienced a traumatic or life-threatening event has symptoms such as psychic numbing, reliving of the trauma, and increased physiological arousal, reflected in insomnia, irritability, and impaired concentration. |
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| An anxiety disorder in which a person experiences recurring panic attacks, periods of intense fear, and feelings of impending doom or death, accompanied by physiological symptoms such as rapid heart rate and dizziness. |
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| Extreme anxiety in situations in which one will be observed by others. People with social phobia worry they will do or say something that will be excruciatingly humiliating or embarrassing. |
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| An exaggerated, unrealistic fear of a specific situation, activity, or object. |
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| A set of phobias, often set off by a panic attack, involving the basic fear of being away from a safe place or person. |
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| Obsessive-compulsive Disorder (OCD) |
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| An anxiety disorder in which a person feels trapped in repetitive, persistent thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive, ritualized behaviors (compulsions) designed to reduce anxiety. |
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| An area in each hemisphere of the brain that is partly responsible for body movement and coordination. (Cauda=Tail in Latin). |
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| A mood disorder involving disturbances in emotion (excessive sadness), behavior (loss of interest in one’s usual activities), cognition (thoughts of hopelessness), and body function (fatigue and loss of appetite). |
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| A mood disorder in which episodes of both depression and mania (excessive euphoria) occur. |
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| Rigid personality patterns that cause personal distress or an inability to get along with others. |
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| Paranoid Personality Disorder |
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| A disorder characterized by unreasonable, excessive suspiciousness and mistrust, and irrational feelings of being persecuted by others. |
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| Narcissistic Personality Disorder |
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| A disorder characterized by an exaggerated sense of self-importance and self-absorption. |
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| Antisocial Personality Disorder |
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Definition
| A disorder characterized by antisocial behavior such as lying, stealing, manipulating others, and sometimes violence; and a lack of guilt, shame, and empathy. (Caused by abnormalities in the central nervous system, genetically influenced problems with impulse control, and brain damage). |
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| Dissociation so severe that the usually integrated functions of consciousness and perception of self break. Symptoms include a disruption in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception. |
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| Memory gaps related to traumatic or stressful events that are too extreme to be accounted for by normal forgetting. |
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| Very rare, occurs most often during extreme stress (such as wartime or after a natural disaster). Abrupt travel away from home, an inability to remember important aspects of one’s life, and the partial or complete adoption of a new identity. |
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| Dissociative Identity Disorder |
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| A controversial disorder marked by the apparent appearance within one person of two or more distinct personalities, each with its own name and traits; commonly known as multiple personality disorder. |
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| A maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to clinically significant impairment or distress (as defined by the DSM-IV). |
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| Created the disease model of alcoholism. |
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