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| The environment of people that surrounds something's creation or intended audience. Social context reflects how the people around something use and interpret it. The social context influences how something is viewed. |
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| The corners in life that people occupy because of where they are located in a society. Sociologists look at how jobs, income, education, gender, race– ethnicity, and age affect people’s ideas and behavior. |
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| Sociological imagination: |
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| (sociological perspective) opens a window onto unfamiliar worlds— and offers a fresh look at familiar ones. It stresses the social contexts in which people live. It examines how these contexts influence people’s lives. At the center of the sociological perspective is the question of how groups influence people, especially how people are influenced by their society: a group of people who share a culture and a territory. |
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| The rapid development of industry in Britain in the late 18th and 19th centuries, brought about by the introduction of machinery. |
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| Spencer and Social Darwinism: |
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| sometimes called the second founder of sociology. He said that sociology should not guide social reform: Societies are evolving, and we shouldn’t interfere. Societies go from a lower form (“ barbarian”) to higher (“civilized”) forms. |
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| English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection |
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| believed that the roots of human misery lay in class conflict, the exploitation of workers by those who own the means of production. Social change, in the form of the overthrow of the capitalists by the workers ( proletariat), was inevitable from Marx’s perspective. Although Marx did not consider himself a sociologist, his ideas have influenced many sociologists, particularly conflict theorists. |
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| contributed many important concepts to sociology. His comparison of the suicide rates of several counties revealed an underlying social factor: People are more likely to commit suicide if their ties to others in their communities are weak. Durkheim’s identification of the key role of social integration in social life remains central to sociology today. |
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| is a set of moral and social values encouraged by the leaders of the Reformation, a religious revolution that took place in Europe during the sixteenth century. Among those who directly influenced the Protestant ethic were Martin Luther (1483–1546), John Calvin (1509–1564), John Knox (1513–1572), Huldrych Zwingli (1484–1531), and Conrad Grebel (c. 1498–1526). Their Protestant successors were Methodist Church founders John (1703–1791) and Charles Wesley (1707–1788). These religious leaders stressed the holiness of daily life, the importance of education and study, and the necessity of personal responsibility. They contended that the person who is hardworking, thrifty, and honest will be of value to his or her community and to God. |
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| a recipient of the Nobel Prize for Peace, worked on behalf of poor immigrants. With Ellen G. Starr, she founded Hull- House, a center to help immigrants in Chicago. She was also a leader in women’s rights ( women’s suffrage), as well as the peace movement of World War I. |
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| the first African American to receive a Ph.D. in the subject of history from Harvard University. He spent his lifetime studying relations between African Americans and whites. Like many early North American sociologists, Du Bois combined the role of academic sociologist with that of social reformer. He was also the editor of Crisis, an influential journal of the time. |
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| refers to the peculiar and distinctive character of interaction as it takes place between human beings. The peculiarity consists in the fact that human beings interpret or "define" each other's actions instead of merely reacting to each other's actions. Their "response" is not made directly to the actions of one another but instead is based on the meaning which they attach to such actions. Thus, human interaction is mediated by the use of symbols, by interpretation, or by ascertaining the meaning of one another's actions. This mediation is equivalent to inserting a process of interpretation between stimulus and response in the case of human behavior. |
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| unintended beneficial consequences of people’s actions |
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| a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups that are competing for scarce resources |
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| a sample in which everyone in the target population has the same chance of being included in the study |
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| the analysis of data that have been collected by other researchers |
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| A feeling of trust between researchers and the people they are studying |
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| the extent to which an operational definition measures what it is intended to measure |
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| the view that a sociologist’s personal values or biases should not influence social research |
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| The aim is to observe and not change anything. The research that has no goal beyond understanding social life |
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| The practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own. |
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