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| the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon) |
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| we are overconfident of our judgments, partly because of our bias to seek information that confirms them |
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| scientific thinking/attitude |
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| curiosity (not naivety), skepticism (not cynical), humility (reject own ideas) |
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| thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence and assesses conclusions |
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| theories (lead to) hypotheses (lead to) research and observations (generate or refine) theories |
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| an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events. SO MUCH INFO - CLOSEST THING TO A FACT |
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| a testable prediction, often implied by a theory. used to accept, reject, or revise the theory |
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| statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables |
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| repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances |
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| observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles (clinical-therapist investigates client's problems) |
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| a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes of behaviors or people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them (wording, false consensus-belief that others share opinion) random sampling, otherwise biased |
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| observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation |
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| a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together; how well each factor predicts the other |
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| mathematical expression of the relationship, -1 to +1 |
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| a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents values of two variables. the slope suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables while the amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation |
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| the perception of a relationship where none exists |
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| perceiving order in random events |
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| we search for patterns in an attempt to make sense of the world around us |
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| a research method in which the investigator manipulates one of more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process. experimenter aims to control other relevant factors by random assignment of participants |
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| an experimental procedure in which neither the research participants or staff know whether the participants have received the treatment or a placebo (drugs) |
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| experimental results caused by the expectations alone (pain, depression, anxiety) |
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| the condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable (receive treatment) |
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| the condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment (don't receive treatment) |
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| assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting difference between those assigned to the different groups |
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| the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied |
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| the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable |
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