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Chapter 1
From: Understanding Human Development (Craig; Dunn)
57
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
01/31/2011

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Term
Development
Definition
Changes over time in the physical structure, thought, or behavior as a result of bio and environ influence
Term
Developmental Psychologists
Definition
Primary interests focus on the study of developmental processes and events
Term
Developmental Period
Definition
A discreet period of the lifespan during which predictable changes occur
Term
Chronological**
Definition
According to age
Term
Biological Factors**
Definition
Genetic, neurological, or physical conditions that affect the development of an individual
Term
Environmental Factors**
Definition
The specific situations that an individual experiences and that influence behavior and development
Term
Sociocultural Context**
Definition
A broad context that includes both social and cultural influences
Term
Maturation**
Definition
Developmental changes that are linked closely to biological events
Term
Learning**
Definition
Developmental changes that are dependent on a person's interactions with the environment
Term
Collectivist Culture**
Definition
A culture where the group takes precedence over the individual
*Cooperation and group achievement are stressed over competition and individual achievement
Term
Individualist Culture**
Definition
A culture where competition predominates over cooperation and personal achievement is typically valued more highly than group achievement.
*Individual freedom and choice receive strong emphasis
Term
Physical domain**
Definition
Those aspects of development that involve changes in physical shape and size, as well as changes in brain structure, sensory capabilities, and motor skills
Term
Cognitive domain**
Definition
acquisition of skills in perceiving, thinking, reasoning, and problem solving skills
*Also, intricate development and use of language
Term
Personality Domain**
Definition
Acquiring relatively stable and enduring traits, as well as a sense of self as an individual
Term
Sociocultural domain**
Definition
focus on socialization and enculturation
Term
Socialization**
Definition
Teachings by parents and others about how to fit in the function in society
Term
Enculturalation**
Definition
Learning about culture by observing and absorbing rather than being taught
Term
Theory**
Definition
An organized, coherent set of ideas that helps us to understand, to explain, and to make predictions
Term
Data**
Definition
The results from a scientific investigation.
*Often expressed as numbers
Term
Human genome**
Definition
The entire arrangement of all human genes
Term
Developmental neuroscience**
Definition
study of development of brain structures and the relationship between brain structures and functions and behavior and development
Term
Evolution
Definition
Process by which species change across generations
Term
Natural selection
Definition
Theory of survival of the fittest
Term
Psychodynamic approach**
Definition
Emphasizes unconscious processes and importance of early childhood development
Term
Psychosocial theory**
Definition
Erikson's view that social interactions with others shape the development of personality
Term
Behaviorism**
Definition
View that focus of psychology should be on observable behavior
Term
Classical conditioning**
Definition
Learning where association is learned between an environmental event and the stimulus-response reflex
Term
Operant conditioning**
Definition
occurs when an organism is rewarded or punished
Term
Social learning theory**
Definition
Emphasizes influence of others' social behavior on us
Term
Cognitive-developmental theory**
Definition
Focuses on thinking, reasoning, and problem solving
Term
Adaptation**
Definition
Organisms adapt to become more successful
Term
Assimilation**
Definition
Incorporating new information into existing schemas
Term
Accommodation**
Definition
Requires schemas to change when a new object doesn't fit.
Term
Schemas**
Definition
Process information, perceptions, and experiences
*Change as individuals grow
Term
Guided participation**
Definition
Vygotsky: People develop through apprenticeship
Term
Bioecological Model**
Definition
Nature and nurture
Term
Case Study**
Definition
compilation on an individual, family or community
*Through interviews, observations, and formal testing
Term
Baby biography
Definition
Recording mini-milestones of child development
Term
Naturalistic observation
Definition
observation in everyday settings
Term
Lab observation
Definition
Controlled situations designed the elicit behavior of interest
Term
Questionnaire**
Definition
asks questions re: behaviors, attitudes, preferences...
Term
Survey**
Definition
Questionnaire administered to a large group
Term
Interview**
Definition
Verbal questionnaire
*One-on-one
Term
Representative Sampling
Definition
A large sample that mirrors the population
Term
Longitudinal study**
Definition
Participants are studied at various points to see how they change as they age
Term
Cross-sectional design**
Definition
Compares individuals of different ages at one point in time
Term
Cohort effects**
Definition
Differences between people of different age group
Term
Confounding
Definition
Differences or trends due to developmental factors or historical factors associated with different cohort groups
Term
Sequential-cohort design
Definition
Several overlapping cohorts are studied longitudinally
Term
Correlation**
Definition
Describes relationship between two variables
Term
Random assignment
Definition
Picking random members for group
Term
Independent variable**
Definition
Manipulated to see what effect it has on dependent variable
Term
Dependent variable**
Definition
Changes as a result of manipulating independent variable
Term
Replication
Definition
Repetitions of an experiment to test results
Term
Quasi-experimental method**
Definition
Used when an experiment is not possible
Term
IRBs
Definition
Screening committees that evaluate research projects
Term
Informed Consent
Definition
Consent of participants
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