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Chapter 1
Thinking Critically with Psychological Science
30
Psychology
11th Grade
04/12/2010

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Term
hindsight bias
Definition
the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have forseen it; aka "i-knew-it-all-along"
Term
critical thinking
Definition
thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions; it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and asseses conclusions
Term
theory
Definition
an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts obsevations
Term
hypothesis
Definition
a testable prediction; implied by a throry
Term
operational definition
Definition
a statement of the procedures used to define research variables
Term
replication
Definition
repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extents to other participants and circumstances
Term
case study
Definition
an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in hope of revealing universal principals
Term
survey
Definition
a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them.
Term
false consensus effect
Definition
the tendency to overestimate the extent to which other share our beliefs and behaviors.
Term
population
Definition
all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study
Term
random sample
Definition
a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
Term
naturalistic obsevation
Definition
observing and recoding behavior in naturally occuring situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation.
Term
correlation coefficent
Definition
a statistacal measure to the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either facote predicts teh other
Term
scatterplot
Definition
a graphed cluster of dots, each which represents a value of two variables
Term
illusory correlation
Definition
the preception of a relationship where none exsists
Term
experiment
Definition
a reseach method in which an investigator manipulstes one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process
Term
double-blind procedure
Definition
an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the reseach participants have recieved the treatment or the placebo
Term
placebo effect
Definition
experimental results caused by expectations alone
Term
experimental condition
Definition
the conditionof an experiment that exposes participants to treatment to one version of the independant variable
Term
control condition
Definition
the condition of an experimentthat contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effact of the treatment
Term
random assignment
Definition
assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexsisting differences between those assigned to the different groups
Term
independant variable
Definition
the experimental factor that that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied
Term
dependant variable
Definition
the experimental fator--in psychology, the behavior of mental process-- that is being measured;
Term
mode
Definition
the most frequently occring score in a distribution
Term
mean
Definition
the atrthmetic average of distributionn, obtained by adding the scores then dividing them by the number of scores
Term
median
Definition
the middle score in a distribution; half the score are above it, half the scores are below it
Term
range
Definition
the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution
Term
standard deviation
Definition
a computed measure on how much scores vary around the mean score
Term
statistical significance
Definition
a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occured by chance
Term
culture
Definition
the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
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