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Chapter 11 AP Bio - Cell Signaling
vocab for bio - Campbell Reece 8th edition AP BIo
31
Biology
12th Grade
10/07/2010

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Term
signal transduction pathway
Definition
the process by which a signal on a cell's surface is converted to a specific cellular response in a series of pathways
Term
transduce
Definition
change
Term
quorum sensing
Definition
concentration of signaling molecules that allow bacteria to sense a local density of bacteria
Term
biofilms
Definition
aggregations of bacteria that often come together to form recognizable structures
Term
local regulators
Definition
messenger molecules that only travel a short distance
Term
growth factors
Definition
in animals thr compounds that stimulate nearby target cells to grow and divide
Term
paracrine
Definition
refering to a signaling molecule that acts on a neighboring cell
Term
hormone
Definition
in both animals and plants a chemical used for long distance signaling
Term
3 Stages of Cell Signaling
Definition
1. Reception
2. transduction
3. response
Term
Earl W. Sutherland
Definition
studies the cell signaling of epinethrin and whho it stimulated the break down of glycogen within liveer and mucle cells
Term
Reception
Definition
target cells detection of a signaling molecule coming from outside the cell. A chemical signal is detected when the sgnaling molecule binds to a receptor protein located at the cells surface
Term
transduction
Definition
the binding of a signal moleculre changes the resceptor protein in some way initaiting the preocess of treanduction. the transuction stage converts the signal to a forme that can bring about a specific cellular response
Term
response
Definition
signale finally triggers a specisic cellular response like activation of an enzyme or rearrangement ot the cyto skeleton this helps ensure that the right genes are activated in the right cells at the correct times this helps in cell signaling
Term
ligand
Definition
the term for a milecule that specificaly binds to another molecule often a larger one
Term
most signal recpetors are... plasma membrane proteins
Definition
Term
3 major types of membrane receptors
Definition
1. G Coupeled receptors
2. Receptors tyrosine kinase
3. ion channle reseptors
Term
G protein coupled receptor
Definition
a plasma membrane receptor that iworks wih the help of a G protein
Term
G protein
Definition
a protein that binds with the energy rich molecule GTP
Ex: yeast mating factors, epinephrine and many other hormones and nuerotransmitters
functions as a molecular switch that is either on or off
Term
When G protein is bound to GDP the G proeinn is.....
Definition
inactive
Term
When the right siganl molecule is bound to the receptor is activated ( on a Gprotein) which causes
Definition
GTP to displace the GDP
Term
kinase
Definition
an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups
Term
receptor tyrosine kinase
Definition
in pm
can catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to another protein
Term
Ligand Gated Ion Channel
Definition
is a type of membrane receptor that countains a region that can act as a gate when a receptor changes chape
Term
transription factors
Definition
control which genes are turned on - transcribed into mRNA in a particular cell at a particular tiem
Term
protein phosphatases
Definition
enzymes that can rapidly remove phosphate groups from proteins
Term
dephosporolation
Definition
the process by which phosphate groups are removed by enzymes
Term
secound messengers
Definition
smal nonprotein water soluble molecules or ions
Term
two most widely used secound messengers
Definition
cyclic AMP
calcium ions Ca+
Term
secound messenger
Definition
transmits the signal from the pm to the metabolic machinery in the cytoplasm
Term
adenyl cyclase
Definition
converts ATP to cAMP in response to an exracellular signal
Term
inositol triphosphate
Definition
2nd messengers involved in the pathways leading to the release of Ca + ions
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