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| signal transduction pathway |
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| the process by which a signal on a cell's surface is converted to a specific cellular response in a series of pathways |
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| concentration of signaling molecules that allow bacteria to sense a local density of bacteria |
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| aggregations of bacteria that often come together to form recognizable structures |
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| messenger molecules that only travel a short distance |
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| in animals thr compounds that stimulate nearby target cells to grow and divide |
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| refering to a signaling molecule that acts on a neighboring cell |
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| in both animals and plants a chemical used for long distance signaling |
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| 3 Stages of Cell Signaling |
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1. Reception
2. transduction
3. response |
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| studies the cell signaling of epinethrin and whho it stimulated the break down of glycogen within liveer and mucle cells |
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| target cells detection of a signaling molecule coming from outside the cell. A chemical signal is detected when the sgnaling molecule binds to a receptor protein located at the cells surface |
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| the binding of a signal moleculre changes the resceptor protein in some way initaiting the preocess of treanduction. the transuction stage converts the signal to a forme that can bring about a specific cellular response |
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| signale finally triggers a specisic cellular response like activation of an enzyme or rearrangement ot the cyto skeleton this helps ensure that the right genes are activated in the right cells at the correct times this helps in cell signaling |
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| the term for a milecule that specificaly binds to another molecule often a larger one |
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| most signal recpetors are... plasma membrane proteins |
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| 3 major types of membrane receptors |
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1. G Coupeled receptors
2. Receptors tyrosine kinase
3. ion channle reseptors |
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| G protein coupled receptor |
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| a plasma membrane receptor that iworks wih the help of a G protein |
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a protein that binds with the energy rich molecule GTP
Ex: yeast mating factors, epinephrine and many other hormones and nuerotransmitters
functions as a molecular switch that is either on or off |
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| When G protein is bound to GDP the G proeinn is..... |
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| When the right siganl molecule is bound to the receptor is activated ( on a Gprotein) which causes |
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| an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups |
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in pm
can catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to another protein |
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| is a type of membrane receptor that countains a region that can act as a gate when a receptor changes chape |
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| control which genes are turned on - transcribed into mRNA in a particular cell at a particular tiem |
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| enzymes that can rapidly remove phosphate groups from proteins |
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| the process by which phosphate groups are removed by enzymes |
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| smal nonprotein water soluble molecules or ions |
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| two most widely used secound messengers |
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cyclic AMP
calcium ions Ca+ |
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| transmits the signal from the pm to the metabolic machinery in the cytoplasm |
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| converts ATP to cAMP in response to an exracellular signal |
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| 2nd messengers involved in the pathways leading to the release of Ca + ions |
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