Term
| Sensory Physiology is about... |
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Definition
| How we perceive our environment |
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Term
| Three common steps associated with any sense |
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Definition
-A physical stimulus
-Sensory transduction: transformation of sensory input into nerve impulses
-Formulation of “perception”, or our conscious experience of that sensation |
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Definition
| transformation of sensory input into nerve impulses |
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Definition
-somatosensory
-Visual
-Auditory
-Vestibular
-Olfactory
-Gustatory |
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Term
| some senses within the somatosensory system |
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Definition
-Touch
-Proprioception
-Temperature
-Pain |
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| Four basic types of information conveyed by each sensory system |
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Definition
-Modality (type) of stimulus
-Intensity of stimulus
-Time course of stimulus
-Location of stimulus |
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Term
| what the sensory cells are |
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Definition
-Some are themselves neurons (afferent)
-Most are specialized epithelial cells that synapse on adjacent sensory neurons |
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| the 4 functional classes of sensory receptors |
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Definition
-Mechanoreceptors
-Chemoreceptors
-Thermoreceptors
-Photoreceptors |
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| what sensory receptors at the protein level |
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Definition
-Channels (e.g. stretch receptors)
-GPCR’s (e.g. photoreceptors of retina) |
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Definition
-sense pressure and movement
-found in skin, muscles, and ears |
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-sense light
-found in eyes |
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-sense chemicals
-found in the nose and mouth |
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-sense temperature
-found in the skin |
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-sense pain
-found in skin |
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Term
| receptors that are channels at the protein level |
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Definition
-stretch receptors
-ear proteins that detect sound
[image] |
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Term
| receptors that are GPCRs at the protein level |
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Definition
photoreceptors of retina
[image] |
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Term
| some other somatic senses |
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Definition
-Pain
-Temperature
-Itch
-Proprioception |
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Term
| Each sensory receptor responds to... |
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Definition
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Term
| The sensory receptor transduces the external stimulus into... |
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Definition
| changes in membrane potential |
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| 2 ways the sensory receptor transduces the external stimulus into changes in membrane potential |
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Definition
-Stimulus transduction
-Receptor/generator potential |
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Term
| Stimulus intensity is encoded by... |
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Definition
| action potential frequency in sensory neuron |
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Definition
| Produced in specialized dendritic processes of primary sensory neuron (= sensory receptor) |
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Definition
-Produced in specialized epithelial cell (= sensory receptor)
-Communicated to associated primary sensory neuron |
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| depiction of Receptor vs. Generator Potentials |
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Definition
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| Duration of sensation is in part encoded by... |
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| types of receptors that adapt |
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Definition
-Phasic receptors
-Tonic receptors |
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| what encodes the location of a stimulus? |
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Definition
| the receptive field of a sensory neuron |
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Definition
encodes the location of the stimulus
[image]
each circled area is a separate receptive field |
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Term
| In sensory systems, the receptive field is oftentimes comprised of a ______ and a ______ |
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Definition
“center”
“surround”
[image] |
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Term
| how the "center" and the "surround" of the receptive field in a sensory system and the associated cortical neurons react to touch |
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Definition
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Term
| soma modalities detected by somatosensory perception |
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Definition
-Touch
-Proprioception
-Temperature
-Pain
-Itch |
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Term
| some types of somatosensory receptors |
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Definition
-cutaneous (skin) receptors
-proprioceptors |
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Term
| some types of cutaneous (skin) receptors |
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Definition
-Touch/pressure R’s
-Hot/cold R’s
-Nociceptors (pain R’s) |
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| some types of propioceptors |
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Definition
-Muscle spindles
-Golgi tendon organs
-Joint R’s |
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| how cutaneous receptors transmit information |
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Definition
| by converting change in pressure into signals |
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| depiction of the types of cutaneous receptors in the skin |
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Definition
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Definition
| receptors ignoring a benign stimulus that doesn't go away |
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| the 4 types of touch receptors, their receptive fields, and their intensity and time course |
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Definition
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| the ascending pathway used by the 4 types of touch receptors |
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Definition
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Term
| the components of the eye you're expected to be familiar with |
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Definition
-Cornea
-Iris
-Pupil
-Lens
-Retina
-Fovea
-Optic Nerve
-Vitreous Humor |
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Definition
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| the white of the eyes comes from the... |
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| the sclera is continuous with the... |
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Definition
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| the phototransduction of the eyeball |
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Definition
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Definition
very small little divot, only about 2 millimeters in diameter, that constitutes the very center of your field of vision
[image] |
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Term
| which part of the eye is responsible for ability to create a very sharp image in the very center of our visual field, a color image? |
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Definition
the fovea centralis, which strictly contains cones corresponding to 3 different wavelengths
[image]
[image] |
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Term
| the part of the retina that has a heavier concentration of rod cells |
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Definition
peripheral retina (outside the fovea)
[image] |
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Term
| what's in charge of the peripheral vision? rods or cones? |
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Definition
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Definition
where the optic nerve exits the retina
-this is also where the blind spot is, because of no photoreceptors
[image] |
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Term
| where the eye's blind spot is |
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Definition
| the optic disc, since there's no photoreceptors there |
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Definition
basically the fluid-filled cavity in the eyeball
[image] |
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| why we have depth perception |
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Definition
| because of the overlapping visual fields of each eye |
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| depiction of how the light rays go through the eye |
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Definition
[image]
notice that each eye has a left and right visual field |
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Definition
the area of crossover between the optic nerves
[image] |
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Term
| how the crossover works in terms of the visual field |
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Definition
for each eye, one field remains ipsilateral and the other is contralateral such that the left visual field gets to the right side of the brain and the right visual field gets to the left side of the brain
[image] |
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Term
| the muscles responsible for dilation of the pupil |
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Definition
| radial muscles, which are sympathetic |
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| the muscles responsible for contraction of the pupil |
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Definition
| circular muscles, which are parasympathetic |
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| depiction of the autonomic control of pupil diameter |
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Definition
[image]
for both, the effect is stimulatory |
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Term
| ______ of the retina transduce electromagnetic energy, in the form of photons |
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Definition
| Photoreceptor cells (PRCs) |
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Term
| Photoreceptor cells (PRCs) of the retina ______ electromagnetic energy, in the form of photons |
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Definition
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Term
| the 2 types of Photoreceptor cells (PRCs) |
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Definition
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Term
| details about the rods of the retina |
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Definition
-Dim-light vision
-Greater sensitivity to light
-Rhodopsin is the light-receptor |
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Term
| details about the cones of the retina |
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Definition
-Color vision
-Greater visual acuity
-Photopsins are the light-receptors |
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Term
| the vertical pathway within the retina |
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Definition
| PRCs --> Bipolar cells --> Ganglion cells (optic nerve) |
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Term
| the 3 different types of cones |
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Definition
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Term
| the light receptors in the rod cells of the retina |
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Definition
| rhodopsins, which are GPCRs |
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Term
| the light receptors in the cone cells of the retina |
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Definition
| photopsins, which are GPCRs |
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Term
| the cells that ultimately fire off action potentials corresponding to vision |
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Definition
| Ganglion cells (optic nerve) |
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Term
| depiction of everything the light rays have to go through before phototransduction can occur |
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Definition
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Definition
| the photopigment that gets activated by the incoming light rays |
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Term
| role of the pigmented epithelium |
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Definition
-Homeostasis of PRCs
-Visual cycle of retinal; they recycle retinal |
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Definition
the back of the retina
[image] |
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| the neurons that mediate lateral information flow in visual processing |
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Definition
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| some interneurons mediate lateral information flow |
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Definition
-Horizontal cells
-Amacrine cells |
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| depiction of the rod and cone cells |
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Definition
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Term
| what the synaptic endings of rod and cone cells do to transmit a signal |
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Definition
| release neurotransmitters that communicate with bipolar cells |
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Term
| the parts of the rod and cone cells that have all the phototransduction equipment |
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Definition
| the rod and cone-shaped structures that contain layers of membranes |
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Term
| some things rod and cone cells have in common |
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Definition
-their Photoreceptors are GPCR’s
-Photopigment is retinal
-G-protein is transducin
-"dark current," in which...
+PRCs are depolarized in dark
+PRCs are hyperpolarized in light |
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Definition
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Term
| what the inside of the rod and cone cells looks like |
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Definition
[image]
notice that the only real architectural difference is that the stack of membranes in the cone is infoldings of the membrane while the stack of membranes in the rod is intracellular |
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Term
| structure of the membrane in the rod |
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Definition
[image]
the receptor here is a GPCR |
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Term
| how rod cells behave in dark and light |
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Definition
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Term
| how phototransduction in a rod occurs |
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Definition
| -λ (photon) activates Rhodopsin
-Rhodopsin activates Gt (transducin), causing the alpha and beta-gamma subunits to dissociate
-Gα(GTP) activates cGMP-dependent phosphodiesterase (PDE)
-PDE decreases [cGMP]i
-Decreased [cGMP]i closes Na+ channels
-Decreased Na+ influx hyperpolarizes the rod cell
-Hyperpolarization means decreased neurotransmitter release at PRC/BPC synapse |
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Term
| how the photopigment gets activated |
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Definition
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| how the photopigment gets recycled |
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Definition
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| depiction of how phototransduction occurs in a rod |
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Definition
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Term
| depiction of the vertical pathway in vision |
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Definition
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Term
| the effect of glutamate in the vertical pathway in vision |
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Definition
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| the receptors on the ganglion cells that consist of the optic nerve |
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| the wavelength absorbed by rods |
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Definition
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| the types of cones in the retina |
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| depiction of the distribution of the rods and cones in the fovea |
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Definition
[image]
notice the indentation where the light has an easier time getting to the photoreceptors |
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| distribution of cones in different parts of the retina |
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Definition
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| how convergence of information occurs in the retina |
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Definition
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Term
| one reason we have better visual acuity in the fovea than in the peripheral part of the retina |
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Definition
because the cones in the fovea each bind with one bipolar cell, which binds to one ganglion cell; this means no convergence
[image]
notice that several rods bind to one bipolar cell, and more than one bipolar cell binds to the ganglion cell,; this means convergence |
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| depiction of the receptive field on the retina |
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Definition
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| the information flow in vision |
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Definition
| PRCs --> BPCs --> ganglion cells --> thalamic neurons (LGN) --> cortical neurons in the occipital lobe of the brain |
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Term
| “On-center” ganglionic cells |
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Definition
| they are most stimulated by central illumination & darkness in the surround |
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| “Off-center” ganglionic cells |
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Definition
| they are most stimulated by surround illumination & darkness in the center |
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| depiction of how on- and off-center ganglionic cells detect contrast |
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Definition
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