Term
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Definition
| includes the brain and the spinal cord; receives and processes information and regulates all bodily activity |
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Term
| Peripheral Nervous System |
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Definition
| includes the 12 pairs of cranial nerves extending from the brain and the 31 pairs of peripheral spinal nerves extending outward from the spine; transmits nerve signals to and from the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| one or more bundles of neurons that connect the brain and the spinal cord with other parts of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| a bundle or group of nerve fibers located within the brain or spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| a nerve center made up of a cluster of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| the supply of nerves to a specific body part |
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Term
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Definition
| a network of intersecting spinal nerves; also refers to intersecting blood or lymphatic vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| sites in the sensory organs that receive external stimulation; they send the stimulation through the sensory neurons to the brain for interpretation |
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Term
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Definition
| a automatic, involuntary response to some change, either inside or outside the body |
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Term
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Definition
| the basic cells of the nervous system that allow different parts of the body to communicate with each other |
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Term
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Definition
| Root-like processes that receive impulses and conduct them to the cell body |
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Term
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Definition
| a process that conducts impulses away from the nerve cell. can be more than 3 feet long; many, but not all, are protected by a myelin sheath |
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Term
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Definition
| the branching fibers at the end of the axon that lead the nervous impulse from the axon to the synapse |
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Term
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Definition
| the space between two neurons or between a neuron and a receptor organ |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical substances that make it possible for messages to cross from the synapse of a neuron to the target recptor |
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Term
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Definition
| provide support and protection for neurons and their four main functions are (1) to surround neurons and hold them in place (2) supply nutrients and oxygen to neurons (3) insulate one neuron from another (4) to destroy and remove dead neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| the protective covering made up of glial cells |
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Term
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Definition
the system of membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord; consists of three layer:
- the dura mater
- the arachnoid membrane
- the pia mater |
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Term
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Definition
| the thick, tough, outermost membrane of the meninges |
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Term
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Definition
| the second-layer of the meninges and looks like a spiderweb; made up this way to let fluid pass between the meninges |
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Term
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Definition
| the third layer of the meninges, a very delicate membrane consisting of a rich supply of blood vessels that is located nearest to the brain and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| Spinal Fluid; produced by special capillaries within the four ventricles located in the middle region of the cerebrum |
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Term
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Definition
| the largest and uppermost portion of the brain; responsible for all thought, judgment, memory, and emotion, as well as for controlling and integrating motor and sensory functions |
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Term
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Definition
| made up of gray matter; the outer layer of the cerebrum and is made up of elevated folds and deep fissures |
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Term
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Definition
| two brain halves on the midsaggittal plane |
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Term
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Definition
| located below the cerebrum; produces sensations by relaying impulses to and from the cerebrum and the sense organs of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| located below the thalamus |
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Term
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Definition
| the second-biggest part of the brain; located at the back of the head below the posterior portion of the cerebrum |
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Term
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Definition
| the stalk-like portion of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cords |
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Term
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Definition
| provide conduction pathways to and from the higher and lower centers in the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| located at the lowest part of the brainstem, connected to the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| a long, fragile tube-like structure that begins at the end of the brainstem and continues down almost to the bottom of the spinal collumn |
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Term
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Definition
| 12 pair; originate from under the surface of the brain; each nerve pair is the same in its function but each nerve of a nerve pair only controls one half of the body function |
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Term
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Definition
| controls the involuntary functions of the body such as the functioning of internal organs |
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Term
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Definition
| prepare the body for emergencies and stress by increasing the breathing rate, heart rate, and blood flow to muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| Return the body to normal after a response to stress; also maintain normal body functions during ordinary circumstances that are not stressful |
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Term
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Definition
| a physician who specializes in administering anesthetic agents before and during surgery |
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Term
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Definition
| a medical professional who specializes in administering anesthesia, but is not a physician |
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Term
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Definition
| a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| a physician who specializes in surgery of the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating chemical dependencies, emotional problems, and mental illness |
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Term
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Definition
| has a doctoral degree, but is not a medical doctor; evaluates and treats emotional problems and mental illness |
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Term
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Definition
| may be preceded by a warning aura, is characterized by a throbbing pain on one side of the head |
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Term
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Definition
| intensely painful headaches that affect one side of the head and may be associated with tearing of the eyes and nasal congestion |
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Term
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Definition
| describes the mental activities associated with thinking, learning, and memory |
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Term
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Definition
| a slowly progressive decline in mental abilities, including memory, thinking, and judgment, that is often accompanied by personality changes |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of dementia caused by a stroke or other restriction of the flow of blood to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| a potentially serious or deadly disorder in children that is characterized by vomitting and confusion |
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Term
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Definition
| lockjaw; an acute and potentially fatal infection of the central nervous system caused by a toxin produced by the tetanus bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| a complex neurological disorder characterized by involuntary tics, grunts, and compulsive utterances that sometimes include obscenities |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of disorders involving the parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language; leading cause of dementia; marked by deterioration that affects both the memory and reasoning capabilities of an individual |
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Term
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Definition
| a chronic, degenerative central nervous disorder characterized by fine muscle tremors, rigidity, and a slow shuffling gait |
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Term
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Definition
| a memory disturbance characterized by a total or partial inability to recall past experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| a violent shaking up or jarring of teh brain |
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Term
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Definition
| the bruising of the brain as the result of a ad injury that causes the brain to bounce off the rigid bone of the skull |
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Term
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Definition
| a blow to the head or a penetrating heart injury that damages the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| describes the result of a baby being shaken violently by someone |
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Term
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Definition
| describe the measurement of response to arousal and stimulus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| state of being unaware and unable to respond to any stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| a lowered level of consciousness marked by listlessness, drowsiness, and apathy. |
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Term
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Definition
| an unresponsive state which a person can be aroused only briefly despite vigorous, repeated attempts |
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Term
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Definition
| fainting; the brief loss of consciousness caused by the decreased flow of blood to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| a profound state of unconsciousness marked by the absence of spontaneous eye movements, no response to painful stimuli, and the lack of speech |
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Term
| Persistent Vegetative State |
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Definition
| a type of coma in which the patient exhibits alternating sleep and wake cycles; person is still unconscious when appearing to be awake |
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Term
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Definition
| an acute condition of confusion, disorientation, disordered thinking and memory, agitation, and hallucinations |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of pressure inside the skull |
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Term
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Definition
| This condition is damage to the brain that occurs when the blood flow to the brain is disrupted because a blood vessel is either blocked or has ruptured |
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Term
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Definition
| the most common type of stroke in older people; occurs when the flow of blood to the brain is blocked by the narrowing or blockage of a carotid artery |
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Term
| Transient Ischemic Attack |
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Definition
| Mini-Stroke; the temporary interruption in blood supply to the brain |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the nerve pain caused by pressure on the spinal nerve roots in the neck region |
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Term
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Definition
| nerve pain in the lower back caused by muscle spasms or by nerve root irritation from the compression of vertebral disks |
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Term
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Definition
| a progressive autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation that causes demyelination of the myelin sheath |
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Term
| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis |
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Definition
| Lou Gehrig's Disease; a rapidly progressive neurological disease that attacks the nerve cells responsible for controlling voluntary muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| the temporary paralysis of the seventh cranial nerve that causes paralysis of only the affected side of the face |
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Term
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Definition
| an inflammation of the myelin sheath of peripheral nerves |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation of the sciatic nerve that results in pain, burning, and tingling along the course of the affected sciatic nerve through the thigh, leg, and foot |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by sever lightning-like pain due to an inflammation of the fifth cranial nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition characterized by poor muscle control, spasticity, speech defects, and other neurologic deficiencies due to the damage that affects the cerebrum |
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Term
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Definition
| a chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent episodes of seizures of varying degree |
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Term
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Definition
| a sudden surge of electrical activity in the brain that affects how a person feels or acts for a short time |
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Term
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Definition
| Grand Mal Seizure; involves the entire body; tonic phase: abnormally rigid, clonic phase: uncontrolled jerking |
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Term
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Definition
| Petit Mal Seizure; a brief disturbance in brain function in which there is a loss of awareness often described as a staring episode |
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Term
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Definition
| a neurological disorder characterized by uncomfortable feelings in the legs, producing a strong urge to move them |
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Term
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography |
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Definition
| important neuroimaging tools because they facilitate the examination of the soft tissue structures of the brain and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| detects changes in blood flow in the brain when the patient is asked to perform a specific task |
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Term
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Definition
| Spinal Tap; the process of obtaining a sample of cerebrospinal fluid by inserting a needle into the subarachnoid space of the lumber region to withdraw fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| depresses the central nervous system and usually produces sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| administered to prevent seizures such as those associated with epilepsy |
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Term
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Definition
| a class of drugs whose major action is a calming or depressed effect on the central nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| depresses the central nervous system to produce calm and diminished responsiveness without producing sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| the absence of normal sensation, especially sensitivity to pain, that is induced by the administration of an anesthetic agent |
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Term
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Definition
| the medication used to induce anesthsia |
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Term
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Definition
| regional anesthesia produced by injecting medication into the epidural space of the lumbar or sacral region of the spine. Used during childbirth to numb the pain of labor |
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Term
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Definition
| regional anesthesia produced by injecting medication into the subarachnoid space; patient loses feeling from the toes to the upper waste |
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Term
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Definition
| a neurosurgical procedure used in the treatment of dystonia, tremors, and Parkinson's disease |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of radiation treatment for brain tumors performed without a knife or an incision; uses gamma radiation to destroy diseased tissue only |
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Term
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Definition
| exposure to daylight or to specific wavelengths of light in order to counteract seasonal affective disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| mental conditions characterized by excessive, irrational dread of everyday situations or fear that is out of proportion to the real danger in a situation |
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Term
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder |
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Definition
| characterized by chronic, excessive worrying |
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Term
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder |
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Definition
| characterized by recurrent obsessions and/or compulsions |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by a fear of panic attacks |
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Term
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Definition
| a sudden, unexpected experience of fear in the absence of danger, accompanied by physical symptoms such as heart palpitations |
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Term
| Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder |
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Definition
| may develop after an event is involving actual or threatened death or injury to the individual or someone else, during which the person felt intense fear, helplessness, or horror |
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Term
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
(ADHD) |
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Definition
| characterized by a short attention span and impulsive behavior that is inappropriate for the child's developmental age |
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Term
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Definition
| learning disability characterized by substandard reading achievement due to the inability of the the brain to process symbols |
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Term
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Definition
| disorders found in children of normal intelligence who have trouble grasping specific skills |
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Term
| Mental Retardation/Intellectual Disability (MR/ID) |
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Definition
| a diagnosis of significant below-average intellectual and adaptive functioning present from birth or early infancy |
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Term
| Autistic Spectrum Disorders |
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Definition
| Describes a group of conditions in which a young child has difficulty developing normal social relationships and communication skills, may compulsively follow repetitive routines, and has narrowly focused, intense interests that are sometimes unusual |
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Term
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Definition
| a subgroup of autistic spectrum disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| occur when normal thought is separated fromconsciousness |
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Term
| Dissociative Identity Disorder |
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Definition
| a mental illness characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personalities in the same individual |
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Term
| Impulse Control Disorders |
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Definition
| a group of psychiatric disorders characterized by a failure to resist an impulse despite potential negative consequences |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition characterized by severe mood changes |
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Term
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Definition
| an abnormally elevated mood state |
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Term
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Definition
| a common mood disorder characterized by lethargy and sadness |
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Term
| Seasonal Affective Disorder |
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Definition
| a seasonal bout of depression associated with the decrease in hours of daylight during winter months |
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Term
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Definition
| a chronic pattern of inner experience and behavior that causes serious problems with relationships and work |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by the loss of contact with reality and deterioration of normal social functioning |
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Term
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Definition
| marked by a lack of responsiveness, stupor, and a tendency to remain in a fixed posture |
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Term
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Definition
| a false personal belief that is maintained despite obvious proof or evidence to the contrary |
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Term
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Definition
| a sensory perception experienced in the absence of external stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| a psychotic disorder usually characterized by withdrawal from reality, illogical patterns of thinking, delusions, and hallucinations, and accompanied in varying degrees by other emotional, behavioral, or intellectual disturbances |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by physical complaints or concerns about ones body that are out of proportion to any physical findings or disease |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by serious temporary ongoing changes in function, such as paralysis or blindness, that are triggered by psychological factors rather than by any physical cause |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by fearing that one has a serious illness despite appropriate medical evaluation and reassurance |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by the intentional creation of false or grossly exaggerated physical or psychological symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| the addictive use of tobacco, alcohol, medications, or illegal drugs |
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Term
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Definition
| chronic alcohol dependence with specific signs and symptoms upon withdrawal |
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Term
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Definition
| a disorder involving sudden and severe mental changes or seizures caused by abruptly stopping the use of alcohol |
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Term
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Definition
| the excessive use of illegal or recreational drugs, or the misuse of prescription drugs |
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Term
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Definition
| the accidental or intentional use of an illegal drug or prescription in an amount that is higher than what is safe or normal |
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Term
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Definition
| acts primarily on the central nervous system, where it produces temporary changes affecting the mind, emotions, and behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| administered to prevent or relieve depression |
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Term
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Definition
| administered to treat symptoms of severe disorders of thinking and mood that are associated with neurological and psychiatric illnesses |
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Term
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Definition
| administered to temprorarily relieve anxiety and to reduce tension |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to treat mood instability and bipolar disorders |
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Term
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Definition
| increases activity in certain areas of the brain to increase concentration and wakefulness |
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Term
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Definition
| Based on the idea that mental disorders have underlying causes stemming from childhood and can only be overcome by gaining insight into one's feelings and patterns of behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| focuses on changing behavior by identifying problem behaviors, replacing them with appropriate behaviors and using rewards or other consequences to make the changes |
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Term
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Definition
| focuses on changing cognitions or thoughts that are affecting a person's emotions or actions |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of hypnosis to produce an altered state of focused attention in which the patient may be more willing to believe and act on suggestions |
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