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biological differences between men and women (ascribed):
primary sexual characteristics – reproductive genitalia
secondary sexual characteristics – physical attributes that are not reproductive |
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Definition
culturally and socially constructed differences perceived as masculine or feminine (learned)
gender role (behavioral expectations)
gender identity (perception of self)
body consciousness (how a person perceives and fees about his body) |
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| women are supposed to be more emotional and men more rational |
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| – Mead’s study found few differences between men and women |
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is subordination of one sex (usually female) based on assumed superiority of the other sex. It is interwoven with patriarchy (control of cultural, political and economic structures by men). negative attitude toward women
stereotypical beliefs that reinforce or justify the prejudice
discrimination that excludes, distances or keeps women separate |
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| Objectification of women and men |
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Definition
seen as objects of sexual attraction
depersonalization as body parts
sexuality used for cultural and economic purposes
decorative, status conferring objects
evaluated by narrow beauty standards |
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| assigning different essential attributes to the sexes as categories without allowing for individual differences |
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| – social inequality based on sex |
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| preferential treatment based on sex |
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| – learning behaviors associated with masculinity or femininity at an early age |
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Gender stratification preserves male domination over females
Women as property possessed and controlled by men
Stresses conflict between men and women
Capitalism results in gender oppression but it is also found in socialist societies |
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Family is consumption unit and child productive unit
Women as better at relationship oriented tasks
Men better at production-oriented tasks but this wastes talent
Why are roles rewarded unequally? |
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| belief that women and men are equal and should be valued equally and have equal rights |
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| – equates gender equality with equality of opportunity – solution is equal rights |
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| male domination causes all forms of human oppression – solution is eliminate patriarchy |
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| women’s oppression results from dual roles as paid and unpaid workers in a capitalist economy – they are exploited at home by patriarchy and in the workplace by capitalism – solution is eliminate capitalism |
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| Multi-cultural feminists – |
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Definition
| women of color experience multi-layered oppression based on gender, race, and class |
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Term
| Lenski’s Gendered Division of Labor |
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Definition
Three factors:
Type of subsistence base.
Supply of and demand for labor.
The extent to which women's child-rearing activities are compatible with certain types of work. |
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| men’s higher education, interest, experience and aptitudes lead them to make more money than women – this is measured in terms of return (wages) on the investment (cost of education and training) |
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| Labor market segmentation |
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Definition
| women concentrated in lower paid clerical and service tiers and under-represented in management and professional jobs |
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Definition
| women choose lower paying jobs and devote less time to career due to second shift at home (never-married and childless?) |
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| direct and indirect – exclusion from some jobs |
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| male subculture of elite positions prevents promotions |
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| seeks to increase number of women in occupations through recruitment and promotion where they are underrepresented |
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| – pays men and women equally for performing jobs of equal skills (addresses pay gap) |
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