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Chapter 10: How do we Hear, Speak and Make Music?
Final Exam
29
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
12/03/2014

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Term
frequency
Definition
number of cycles that a wave completes in a given amount of time
Term
sound wave
Definition
undulating displacement of molecules caused by changing pressure
Term
hertz
Definition
measure of frequently (repetition rate) of a sound wave; 1 hz = 1 cycle per second
Term
amplitude
Definition
intensity of a stimulus; equivalent to loudness, graphed by increasing the height of a soundwave
Term
decibel
Definition
unit for measuring the relative physical intensity of sounds
Term
fundamental frequency
Definition
rate at which complex wave patterns repeat
Term
prosody
Definition
melodical tone of the spoken voice
Term
pinna
Definition
funnel like external ear structure (cartilage and flesh). Designed to catch sound waves in the environment and deflect them into external ear canal, which is directed to the eardrum, where it vibrates (varies with frequency)
Term
Ossicles
Definition
bone of the middle ear, maellus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup). attach eardrum to the oval window, an opening in the body casing the cochlea
Term
cochlea
Definition
inner-ear structure that contains the auditory receptor cells
Term
organ of corti
Definition
receptor cells and cells that support them
Term
basilar membrane
Definition
receptor surface in the cochlea that transduces sound waves into neural activity
Term
hair cell
Definition
sensory neurons in the cochlea tipped by cilia; when stimulated by waves in the cochlear fluid, other hair cells generate graded potentials in inner hair cells, which act as the auditory receptor cells
Term
cilia
Definition
tip of each hair cell
Term
medial geniculate nucleus
Definition
major thalamic region concerned with audition
Term
primary auditory cortex (a1)
Definition
asymmetrical structures found within Heschl’s gyrus in temporal lobes that receive input from ventral regions of medial geniculate nucleus
Term
wernicke's area
Definition
second auditory cortex, regulates language comprehension (posterior speech zone)
Term
lateralization
Definition
process whereby functions become localized primarily on one side of the brain
Term
insula
Definition
located within lateral fissure, multifunctional cortical tissue that contains regions related to language to perception of taste and to neural structures underlying social cognition
Term
tonotropic representation
Definition
property of audition in which sound waves are processed in a systematic fashion from lower to higher frequencies
Term
cochlear implants
Definition
electronic device implanted surgically into the inner ear to transduce sound waves into neural activity and allow a deaf person to hear
Term
creolization
Definition
development of a new language from what was formerly a rudimentary language or pidgin
Term
broca's area
Definition
anterior speech area in left hemisphere that functions with motor cortex to produce movements needed for speaking
Term
aphasia
Definition
inability to speak or comprehend language despite the presence of normal comprehension and intact vocal mechanisms
Term
broca's aphasia
Definition
inability to speak fluently despite the presence of normal comprehension and intact vocal mechanisms
Term
wernicke's aphasia
Definition
inability to understand or produce meaningful language even though production of the word is intact
Term
4 regions that control language
Definition
Broca and Wernicke, dorsal area of frontal lobe, areas of motor and somatosensory cortex that control facial, tongue, and throat muscles and sensations
Term
supplementary speech zone
Definition
speech production region on the dorsal surface of the left frontal lobe
- Stimulating this can stop speech completely (speech arrest)
Term
aphasia
Definition
can’t recognise written music, play piano or compose
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