Term
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Definition
| nuclei that undergo spontaneous changes and emit energy in the form of radiation |
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Term
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Definition
| a process in which an unstable nucleus changes energy state and in the process emits radiation |
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Term
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Definition
| the particle that makes up alpha rays. It is identical to the helium nucleus and is composed of two protons and two neutrons |
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Term
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Definition
| the particle that make up beta rays. It is identical to an electron but is produced in the nucleus when a neutron is changed into a proton and an electron. |
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Term
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Definition
| a high-energy ray that is like an x-ray but with a higher energy |
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Term
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Definition
| an isotope of an element that emits nuclear radiation |
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Term
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Definition
| the new nuclei produced when unstable nuclei undergo radioactive decay |
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Term
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Definition
| a positively charged electron |
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Term
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Definition
| a mode of decay for some stable nuclei in which an electron from outside the nucleus is drawn into the nucleus, where it combines with a proton to form a neutron. |
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Term
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Definition
| the time required for one half-life the unstable nuclei in a sample to undergo radioactive decay |
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Term
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Definition
| an electron-deficient particle that is very reactive |
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Term
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Definition
| the condition associated with and following short-term exposure to intense radiation |
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Term
| inverse square law of radiation |
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Definition
| a mathmatical way of saying that the intensity of radiation is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source |
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Term
| physical unit of radiation |
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Definition
| a radiation measurement unit indicating the activity of the source of the radiation, for example the number of nuclear decays per minute |
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Term
| biological unit of radiation |
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Definition
| a radiation measurement unit indicating the damage causedby radiation living tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| a physical unit of radiation measurement corresponding to 3.7 x 10 to the 10th nuclear disintegrations per second |
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Term
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Definition
| a physical unit of radiation measurement corresponding to one nuclear disintergration per second |
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Term
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Definition
| a biological unit of radiation measuremnt |
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Term
| who discovered radioactivity |
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Definition
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Term
| what year was radioactivity discovered |
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Definition
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Term
| how did henri becquerel discover radiation |
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Definition
| photographic plate and rock containing uranium |
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Term
| what two people did most of the early work on radioactivity |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| any change from one element into another |
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Term
| atomic number corresponds to what |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| number of protons plus number of neutrons |
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Term
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Definition
| either a proton or a neutron |
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Term
| are isotopes always unstable |
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Definition
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Term
| what isotopes of hydrogen are stable or unstable |
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Definition
| 1H and 2H are stable, 3H are unstable |
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Term
| which isotopes of carbon are stable and which are unstable |
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Definition
| 12C, and 13C are stable and 11C and 14C are unstable |
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Term
| what is the mass and charge of gamma rays |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| electrons from nucleus (not outer shell) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| during an equation for nuclear reactions, the number of nucleons |
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Definition
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Term
| the total number of nucleons in reactants in the same as the the total number of |
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Definition
| nucleaons in the products |
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Term
| how many protons and neutrons are in an alpha particle |
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Definition
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Term
| where do alpha particles come from |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the charge on the alpha particles |
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Definition
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Term
| during positron emission a proton is converted into |
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Definition
| a positron plus a neutron |
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Term
| during electron capture, an electron is sucked up by the nucleus and a |
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Definition
| proton and a proton is converted into a neutron |
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Term
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Definition
| the time it takes for half of a radioactive sample to undergo decay |
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Term
| can you predict what the half life of a nuclide will be |
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Definition
| no it must be determined experimentally |
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Term
| how are free radicals formed |
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Definition
| radiation may knock electrons out of compounds, which form free radicals that are very reactive |
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Term
| which is more dangerous: long term or short term exposure to free radicals |
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Definition
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Term
| acute radiation syndrome is caused by |
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Definition
| high doses of radiation in a short period of time (tissue rapidly destroyed) |
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Term
| radiation intensity varies with |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the lower the intensity of radiation felt |
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Term
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Definition
| x-rays or gamma rays (measures ionizing ability) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what does rentgen measure |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| energy transfered to the material |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| three ways to measure radiation |
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Definition
| geiger counter, film, scintillation counting |
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Term
| how do they measure radiation in the lab (the most accurate)? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| incorporate radioactive nuclides into biological molecules so can follow metabolilc processes |
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Term
| what do you want to be accurate when using radiation for therapeutic uses |
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Definition
| the absporption to be very specific |
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Term
| what tracer do they use to follow photosynthesis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| creation of a new isotope by bombardment of a material with particles |
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Term
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Definition
| a larder atom is split a part into smaller atoms |
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Term
| is a lot of energy given off during nuclear fission |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the only natural element that will undergo fission |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens to the nucleus during fission |
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Definition
| it breaks apart and smaller atoms are created |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| where does fusion occur naturally |
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Definition
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