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Chapter 10
Chapter 10 notecards
25
Psychology
12th Grade
02/03/2014

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

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Term

Algorithm

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Definition
A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier but also more error-prone
Term

Availability Heuristic

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Definition
Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common.
Term

Belief Bias

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Definition
The tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid or valid conclusions seem invalid.
Term

Belief Perseverance

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Definition
Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.
Term

Babbling Stage

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Definition
At about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.
Term

Concept

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Definition
A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.
Term

Cognition

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Definition
All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.
Term

Confirmation Bias

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Definition
Tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions.
Term

Framing

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Definition
The way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.
Term

Heuristic

 

Definition
A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.
Term

Insight

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Definition
A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.
Term

Language

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Definition
Our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.
Term

Linguistic Determinism

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Definition
Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think.
Term

Mental Set

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Definition
A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.
Term

Morpheme

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Definition
In a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word (such as a prefix).
Term

Overconfidence

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Definition
The tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of one's belief and judgments.
Term

Phoneme

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Definition
In a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.
Term

Prototype

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Definition
A mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category.
Term

Representativeness Heuristic

 

Definition
Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information.
Term
Semantics
Definition
The set rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning.
Term

Syntax

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Definition
The rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.
Term

Two-Word Stage

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Definition
Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two word-statements.
Term

Telegraphic Speech

 

Definition
Early speech stage in which child speaks like a telegram. Using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting auxiliary words.
Term

Fixation

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Definition
The inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving.
Term

Functional Fixedness

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Definition
The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.
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