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| the use of sunlight to manufacture carbohydrate |
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| 2 things that Van Niel's work showed |
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Definition
1. H2S & CO2 do not combine directly during photosynthesis
2. the oxygen atoms in CO2 are not released as oxygen gas |
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Definition
| requires the products of the light-capturing reactions; produces sugar from carbon dioxide |
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| NADP+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) |
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Definition
| a phosphorylated version of NAD+; gets electrons to form NADPH |
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| reducing agent similar to NADH |
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| bright green organelles in plant leaves |
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| sac-like structures that are the interior of chloroplasts |
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| interconnected stacks of thylakoids |
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| space inside the thylakoid |
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| molecules that absorb only certain wavelengths of light |
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| the distance between two successive wave crests (or wave troughs) |
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| the range of wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation |
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| the electromagnetic radiation that humans can see |
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| discrete packets of light |
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| 2 major pigment classes in plant leaves |
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Definition
1. chlorophylls
2. carotenoids |
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Definition
| absorb strongly in the blue & red regions of the visible spectrum |
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Definition
| absorb in the blue & green parts of the visible spectrum |
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| the wavelengths that drive the light-capturing reactions |
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Definition
| measures how the wavelength of photons influences the amount of light absorbed by a pigment |
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| when the electron energy produces light |
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| 200-300 chlorophyll molecules & accessory pigments in the thylakoid membrane |
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| antenna complexes + the molecules that capture & process excited electrons |
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Term
| 4 things that can happen with the energy released from electrons in chlorophyll that are excited by photons |
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Definition
1. be emitted in the form of light via fluorescence
2. be given off as heat alone
3. excite an electron in a nearby pigment & induce resonance
4. be transferred to an electron acceptor in a redox reaction |
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Definition
| identical to chlorophyll except it lacks a magnesium atom in its head region |
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| proposes that electrons from water are first energized by photosystem II to generate ATP & then energized again by photosystem I to reduce NADP+ to NADPH |
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| why is plastocyanin critical? |
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Definition
| it forms a physical link between photosystem II & photosystem I |
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Definition
| the redox reactions through which electrons pass from water to NADP+ in a linear fashion |
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| photosystem I transfers electrons back to the electron transport chain associated with photosystem II, generating ATP through photophosphorylation instead of reducing NADP+ |
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Definition
| the addition of carbon dioxide to an organic compound |
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Term
| 3 phases of the Calvin cycle |
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Definition
1. fixation: 3RuBP + 3CO2 --> 6 3G3P
2. reduction: 6 3G3P + 6ATP + 6NADPH --> 5G3P (to step 3) 1G3P (to glucose/fructose)
3. regeneration: 5G3P + 3ATP --> 3RuBP |
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Definition
| the 5-carbon compound that is the initial reactant in the Calvin cycle |
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| reduces the fitness of individuals |
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| the consumption of energy & the release of CO2 caused by RuBP binding to oxygen when it gets trapped by closed stoma to prevent water loss |
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| distinctively shaped cells that border the pores that dot the surface of a leaf |
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| fixing CO2 to a four-carbon molecule instead of a 3-carbon molecule |
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| enzyme that fixes CO2 to a three-carbon compound |
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| near the surface of leaves; PEP carboxylase is common here |
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Definition
| surround the vascular tissue in the interior of the leaf; rubisco is common here |
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| 4 steps that explain how CO2 that is fixed to a four-carbon sugar feeds the Calvin cycle |
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Definition
1. PEP carboxylase fixes CO2 to a 3-carbon molecule (PEP) in mesophyll cells
2. the 4-carbon organic acids that result are transported to bundle-sheath cells via channels called plasmodesmata
3. the four-carbon organic acids release CO2 that rubisco uses as a substrate to form 3PGA (initiates Calvin cycle)
4. the 3-carbon compound remaining after CO2 is released is returned to the mesophyll cell to regenerate PEP |
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Term
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Definition
| carbon fixation occurs at night & the Calvin cycle occurs during the day |
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Definition
| the production of glucose & fructose from G3P |
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| polymerized form of glucose |
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