Term
| In all living organisms, DNA makes up what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Who was the first person to see a chromosome? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many chromosomes, pairs of chromosomes and sister chromatins do humans have? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the chromatin composed of? |
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Definition
| dna complexed with protein |
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Term
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Definition
| the protein the wraps around the nucleosome |
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Term
| What are the levels of compaction of chromosomes? |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens in the less compaction of the chromsomes? |
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Definition
| it is used if the dna wants to be transcribed |
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Term
| what happens in the high compaction of chromosomes? |
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Definition
| dna needs to be replicated |
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Term
| what are the heterochromatin? |
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Definition
| the chromosomes that are tightly compacted and never losen up |
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Term
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Definition
| these are the rest of the chromosomes, they make up 92 percent of them |
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Term
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Definition
| the arrangment of chromosomes by size, staining properties, location of centromer, each is paired with a twin |
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Term
| what is the diploid state? |
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Definition
| they are somatic cells, they are also paired and have a homolog |
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Term
| what is the haploid state? |
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Definition
| gametes, one of each homolog |
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Term
| In order for a cell to divide it has to what? |
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Definition
| go through the phases of the cell cycle |
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Term
| what are sister chromatids? |
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Definition
| the 2 twin and homologous chromosomes held together, they are used when dna is replicated |
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Term
| what is the longest phase of the cell cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens in the synthesis phase? |
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Definition
| it goes from 46 chromosomes to 92 sister chromatids |
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Term
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Definition
| it is not in the cell cycle, it is not active and is in the resting stage. |
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Term
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Definition
| the secondary growth phase, buffer between mitosis and dna synthesis |
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Term
| what is the interphase stage made up of? |
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Definition
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Term
| name the order of the cell cycle |
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Definition
| g1, synthesis, g2, mitosis, and then cytokinesis |
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Term
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Definition
| Mitosis is nuclear division plus cytokinesis, and produces two identical daughter cells |
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Term
| what happens in the prophase section of mitosis? |
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Definition
- chromosomes condense and appear as two sister chromatids held together at centromere
- cytoskeleton is disassembled and spindle begins to form
- golgi and er are dispersed
- nuclear envelope breaks down
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Term
| what happens in the prometaphase stage of mitosis? |
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Definition
- chromosomes attach to microtubles at the kinetochore
- kinetchores are attached to microtubles from opposite poles
- chromosomes move to the equator of the cell
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Term
| what happens in the metaphase stage of mitosis? |
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Definition
- all chromsomes align at the metaphase plate
- chrosomes are attached to opposite poles
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Term
| what happens in the anaphase stage of mitosis? |
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Definition
- individual chromsomes are freed by the degrading of proteins holding them together
- anaphase a- chromsomes are pulled to opposite poles
- anaphase b- spindle poles move apart
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Term
| what happens in the telophase stage in mitosis? |
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Definition
- chromsomes decondense
- nuclear envelope, golgi complex, and ER re-form
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Term
| what happens in cytokinesis? |
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Definition
| It is the process of splitting the daughter cells apart. In an animal cell, cleaveage furrow formrs to divide cells. In a plant cell, a cell plate forms to divide cells. |
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Term
| What happens if cells never went into a resting stage? |
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Definition
| they would over replicate |
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Term
| What happens when there is a loss of control in the cell cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the point of check points? |
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Definition
| to monitor external and internal factors |
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Term
| what are the check points in the cell cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens at the g1/s checkpoint? |
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Definition
| determines whether to continue or stop, its a pause |
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Term
| what happens in the g2/m checkpoint? |
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Definition
| it makes sure replication has occureed |
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Term
| what happens in the spindle checkpoint? |
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Definition
| make sure the microtubles attach appropriately and the spindle appartus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| they are mutated proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| genes associated with cancer |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Name the stages of binary fission. |
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Definition
1. the bacterial dna replicates at an origin of replication
2. the bacterial enzymes move out in both directions and make copies of each strand in the dna complex, they continue until they meet at the terminies of replication.
3. the cell elognates with replication and the dna is positioned at the 1/4 and 3/4 spots
4. septation then begins, there is a septum built at the midpoint, faciliated by fts2 |
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Term
| what is the range of chromosome pairs? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is chromatin made up of? and what is it the site of? |
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Definition
| dna and protein, rna synthesis |
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Term
| how many histones is the dna complex wrapped around? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is special about the histone? |
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Definition
| it is positive because of the abudance of amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein complex involved in the condensation of chromosomes during meiosis and mitosis |
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Term
| maternal and paternal chromosomes are what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the complex of proteins that holds together dna molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| when chromosomes condense and become visible as two strands |
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Term
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Definition
| point of constriction on the chromosomes contrainign certain repeated dna sequences that bind specific proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| disk functions as an attachment for mictroubles |
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Term
| what protein that forms microtubles? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are asters and what kind of cells are they found in? |
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Definition
| asters brace the centrioles against the membrane and stiffens the point of microtublar attachment, and animal cells. |
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Term
| What intiates the prometaphase? |
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Definition
| the disassembly of the nuclear envelope |
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Term
| what are two forces that move chromosomes? |
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Definition
| assembly and disassembly of microtubles, and motor proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| the alignment of chromsomes |
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Term
| What is the metaphase plate? |
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Definition
| an imaginary plate perpendicular to the spindle |
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Term
| what is the shortest phase of mitosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the actually "splitting" step of the cell cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is different about mitosis in fungi and some protists? |
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Definition
| the nuclear evelope doesnt dissolve and mitosis takes place in the nucleus |
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Term
| What is cycle dependent kinase activated by? |
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Definition
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