• Terminal e- acceptor=O2
• ETC used

Terminal e- acceptor= inorganic (not O2)

• Uses ETC

• Terminal electron acceptor= organic molecule
• NOT ETC

• ADP+ phosphorylated sub--> ATP+ de-phos product

• Aerobic/anaerobic respiration and fermentation (ie glycolysis)
• Aerobic/ anaerobic respiration only (i.e. TCA's cycles GTP reaction)

e- are bounced from one energy carrier to another driving expulsion of H+ from cytoplasm

• Cytochromes
• Coenzyme Q
• FeS protiens
• flavoproteins

• NADH
• FADH2

How much ATP synthesized from NADH and FADH2 during oxidative phosphorylation?

• 1NADH= 2.5 ATP
• 1 FADH2=1.5 ATP

• Aerobic and anaerobic respiration pathways

• + periplasmic
• - cytoplasm.

• Greater (H+) in periplasmic than cytoplasm--> con. grad created
  • Proton Pumps
  • Q cycle

• Mechanisms not completely understood

• Protons flow back into cyto via ATP synthase channel to re-est equilibrium btween cytoplasmic and peripllasmic concentration.

• Alpha subunits: role undefined
• Beta Subunits: catalytic sites for ATP synthesis

• Rotates like motor as beta subunits conformation change

• ADP and inorganic phosphate enter (B_{E to} B_HC)
• ADP couples loosel to inorganic phosphate (B_HC to B_DP
• ATP synthesized (B_DP to B_E)
• ATP released to cytoplasm (B _Tpto B_E)

• ADP and inorganic phosphate enter (B_{E to} B_HC)

• ADP couples loosel to inorganic phosphate (B_HC to B_DP

• ATP synthesized (B_DP to B_E)

• ATP released to cytoplasm (B _Tpto B_E)

• Methanoal can also serve as a e- donor in addition to oxygen
• Oxygen can act as terminal receptor

• NO3 and NO2 serve as e- acceptors for organism
• NADH only e- donor in this case

• Many substrates can be used for ATP production
• Glucose= Model

• Polysaccharides
• Proteins
  • Amino Acids
• Phospohlipids
  • Fatty Acids
  • Glycerols

• Breakdown of 1 glucose--> 2 pyruvate molecules

• Occurs in presence or absence of 02
  • Aerobic or Anaerobic respiration
  • Fermentation

2 ATP used

4 ATP produces

net (2ATP)

• Embden Meyeroff (E-M) Pathway
• Enter-Douderoff (E-D) pathway
• Pentose phosphate shunt

Used in soil bac, some gram neg bac but not by eukaryotes

Produces precurson metabolites:

• erythrose-4-PO4 and ribose-5-PO4 for Nucleic acid synthesis

• Summary per glucose
  • 2 pyrubates produced
  • 1 ATP used (top)
  • 2 total ATP produced(lower)
  • 1 net ATP produced
  • 1 NADH produced

• Occurs in cyto and is independent of oxygen presence

Begins with intermediates of E-M or E-D

• use of these will reduce ATP from theo max yield
• Intermediates can also be shuttled into E-M or E-D, and this also alters ATP yield

• Anaerobic and Aerobic:CO2
• Fermentation: Alcohols and Organic Acids.

• Occurs independent of oxygen presence; in cytoplasm

• Uses organic compounds as terminal electon acceptors
• No add. ATP production made from pyruvate catabolism

• Same as usual, occurs independent of OX presence, and in the cytoplasm

Acetyl CoA (2C) combines with oxaloacetate(4C) intermediates to produce (6C) citrate

• Ends in re-formation of oxaloacetate
• complete oxidation of glucose--> CO2

• From Each acetyl CoA (substrate)
  
  • 3 NADH produced: goes to e- transport (= 6/glucose)
  • 1 GTP produced: converted to ATP via substrate level phosphorylation (=2/glucose)
  • 1 FADH is produced: goes to electron transport (=2/glucose)

• Most anaerobes have all necessary enzymes for TCA

Use intermediates of TCA cycle for biosynthesis of cellular components

• results in less energy donors (NADH and FADH2) produced for use in chemiosmosi

• Substrate level phos: 2 ATP
• Oxidative phos ( from 2 NADH): 5 ATP

ATP Yields from TCA Cycle (2 acetyl CoA to 4 CO2)

• Sub level phos(from 2 GTP): 2 ATP
• Ox. phos (from 6 NADH): 15 ATP
• Ox phos (from 2 FADH2): 3 ATP

32 ATP

( Assumed ration of 2.5 ATP per NADH and 1.5 ATP per FADH2; prokaryotic yields/ glucose are lower due to reduced ratios)

• Most ATP comes from oxidative phosphorylation of NADH and FADH2

Overall prokaryotic relationships of ATP yield per glucose:

• aerobic respiration>anaerobic respiration> fermentation

Eukaryotes expend some of their ATP/glucose to shuttle ATP from mitochondrial matrix to cytoplasm for use

Prokaryotes do not

• Modeled many of mechanisms after glucose, but can be applicable with many subs.
• can enter process at any time

• converted to either a. glucose or b. fructose 
• enters glycolytic pathways

Cleaved by one of the following 2:

• hydrolysis produces 2 monosaccharides
• phsporolysis produces monosac and phosphor monosac

• must be cleaved into monosaccharide unites and enter glycolic pathways
• same cleavage types as disaccharides (hydrolysis or phosphorolysis)

• Glycogen
• Pectin
• Cellulose
• Poly-B-hydroxybutyrate
• starch