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Chapter 10
Chapter 10
127
Computer Science
Undergraduate 4
04/30/2013

Additional Computer Science Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
001. TQM was defined in the textbook as managing the entire organization so that it excels on all dimensions of products and services that are important to the customer.
Definition
True
Term

002. TQM is an acronym meaning "total quality measurement."


Definition

False

 

Total quality management may be defined as "managing the entire organization so that it excels on all dimensions of products and services that are important to the customer." It has two fundamental operational goals, namely

1. Careful design of the product or service.
2. Ensuring that the organization's systems can consistently produce the design.

These two goals can only be achieved if the entire organization is oriented toward them—hence the term total quality management. TQM became a national concern in the United States in the 1980s

Term
003. One tool used in total quality management is the run chart
Definition
True
Term
004. One SPC tool used in total quality management is the Pareto chart
Definition
Treue
Term

005. An operational goal of total quality management is the careful design of the product or service.

 
 
Definition
True
Term

006. An operational goal of total quality management is ensuring that the organization's systems can consistently produce the product or service as it is designed.

 
Definition
True
Term

006. An operational goal of total quality management is ensuring that the organization's systems can consistently produce the product or service as it is designed.

 
Definition
True
Term

007. An operational goal of total quality management is ensuring that the organization's systems will never produce a defective product or service.

 
Definition

False

 

Total quality management has two fundamental operational goals:

1. Careful design of the product or service.
2. Ensuring that the organization's systems can consistently produce the design.

Term

008. Design quality refers to the inherent value of the product in the marketplace.


Definition
True
Term
009. One of the tools common to all quality efforts is leadership
Definition

False

 

The tools common to all quality efforts, including Six Sigma, are flowcharts, run charts, Pareto charts, histograms, checksheets, cause-and-effect diagrams, and control charts.

Term

010. In 1997 the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Improvement Act established the U.S. annual award for total quality management.


Definition

False

So severe was the quality shortfall in the United States that improving it throughout industry became a national priority, with the Department of Commerce establishing the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award in 1987 to help companies review and structure their quality programs.

Term

011. Conformance quality is a strategic decision for a firm.

 
Definition

False

Conformance quality refers to the degree to which the product or service design specifications are met. The activities involved in achieving conformance are of a tactical, day-to-day nature.

Term
012. The Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award represents the U. S. government's endorsement of quality as an essential part of successful business strategy
Definition
True
Term

013. While business organizations can seek to achieve the Baldrige National Quality Award, universities cannot.

 
Definition

False

Term

014. While small business organizations can seek to achieve the Baldrige National Quality Award, hospitals cannot.

 
Definition

False

Term
015. A quality guru named Philip Crosby defined quality as fitness for use
Definition

False

 Mr. Juran is identified as the one who defined quality as fitness for use

Term
016. A quality guru named Philip Crosby defined quality as conformance to requirements
Definition
True
Term
017. A quality guru named Joseph M. Juran defined quality as fitness for use
Definition
True
Term

017. A quality guru named Joseph M. Juran defined quality as fitness for use.


Definition
true
Term
018. A quality guru named Philip Crosby suggested that a general approach to quality management should involve prevention, not inspection
Definition
True
Term
019. A quality guru named Joseph M. Juran is well known for his program structured around "14 points" for management
Definition

False

 

 Mr. Deming is identified as having 14 points for management

Term

020. Fundamental to any quality program is the determination of quality specifications and the costs of achieving (or not achieving) those specifications.

 
Definition
True
Term

021. The term "conformance quality" refers to the relative level of performance of a product as compared to competing products. For instance, certain luxury sedans are said to be of "higher quality" than some low-priced sub-compact automobiles.

 
Definition

False

Term
022. "Quality at the source" refers to the degree to which a product or service design specifications are met
Definition

False

 

Quality at the source is frequently discussed in the context of conformance quality. This means that the person who does the work takes responsibility for making sure that his or her output meets specifications

Term

023. Design quality in products refers to the degree to which a product or service design specifications are met.


Definition

False

Conformance quality refers to the degree to which the product or service design specifications are met. Design quality refers to the inherent value of the product in the marketplace

Term
024. One of the definitions for the cost of quality is that it represents the costs attributable to the production of quality that is not 100 percent perfect
Definition
True
Term

025. Six-sigma refers to the philosophy and methods that some companies use to eliminate defects in their products and processes.


Definition
True
Term
026. A process that is in six-sigma control will produce no more than two defects out of every million units
Definition

False 

A process that is in Six-Sigma control will produce no more than two defects out of every billion units

Term

027. An opportunity flow diagram is used to separate the value-added from the non-value-added steps in a process.


Definition
True
Term

028. An opportunity flow diagram is a time sequenced chart showing plotted values measuring the flow of end product or components.


Definition

False

Term

029. Philip Crosby states that the correct cost for a well-run quality management program should be under 2.5 percent of sales.

 
Definition
True
Term
030. W. Edwards Deming states that the correct cost for a well-run quality management program should be under 0.5 percent of sales
Definition

False

How significant is the cost of quality? It has been estimated at between 15 and 20 percent of every sales dollar—the cost of reworking, scrapping, repeated service, inspections, tests, warranties, and other quality-related items. Philip Crosby states that the correct cost for a well-run quality management program should be under 2.5 percent

Term

032. The term CTQ stands for "Cost Through Quality" which is another way to express Philip Crosby's idea that "Quality is Free."

 
Definition

False

CTQs (critical-to-quality characteristics) that the customer considers to have the most impact on quality

 

 

Term

033. Design of Experiments (DOE) refers to work done before production of early model prototypes of a new product.

 
Definition

False

Term

034. Design of Experiments (DOE) is sometimes referred to as multivariate testing.

 
Definition
True
Term
035. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is a specialized international agency recognized by affiliates in more than 160 countries
Definition
True
Term
036. ISO 9000 is primarily concerned with environmental management
Definition

False

ISO 9000 has become an international reference for quality management requirements in business-to-business dealing, and ISO 14000 is primarily concerned with environmental management.

 

 

Term
037. ISO 14000 is primarily concerned with environmental management
Definition
True
Term
038. ISO standards ask a company first to document and implement its systems for quality management and then to verify, by means of an internal audit the compliance of those systems with the requirements of the standards.
Definition

false

These standards ask a company first to document and implement its systems for quality management and then to verify, by means of an audit conducted by an independent accredited third party, the compliance of those systems with the requirements of the standards.

Term

039. Variation in production systems that is caused by factors that can be clearly identified and possibly even managed is called assignable variation.


Definition
True
Term

040. An example of assignable variation in a production system may be that workers are not identically trained.

 
Definition
True
Term

041. An example of assignable variation in a production system may be that a machine is not adjusted properly.

 
Definition
true
Term
042. Variation that is inherent in a production process itself is called assignable variation
Definition

False

Variation that is inherent in the process is called common variation

 

 

 

Term

043. Variation that is inherent in a production process itself is called common variation.


Definition
true
Term

044. It is impossible to have zero variability in production processes.

 
Definition
True
Term
045. Genichi Taguchi's view of the cost of quality is that variance is a discontinuous function
Definition

False

Taguchi suggests that a more correct picture of the loss is shown in Exhibit 10.8. Notice that, in this graph, the cost is represented by a smooth curve

Term

046. The capability index is used to gauge economic changes in service systems.

 
Definition

false

Term

047. Process control is concerned with monitoring quality after the product or service has been produced.

 
Definition

False

Term
048. Statistical process control involves testing random samples of output from a process to determine whether the process is producing items within a pre-selected range.
Definition
Ture
Term

049. Measurement by attributes means taking a sample, measuring the attribute in question and determining the level of quality in the population from which the sample was drawn.

 
Definition

False

Measurement by attributes means taking samples and using a single decision—the item is good or it is bad.

 

Term

050. Attributes are those quality characteristics that are classified as either conforming or not conforming to specification.

 
Definition
True
Term
051. A "p chart" has upper and lower control limits expressed as lines on the chart. As long as the sample values fall between these two lines there is no need to investigate process behavior
Definition

False

See exhibit 10.11. This illustrates several situations where investigation of process behavior is necessary even though all points have fallen between the UCL and the LCL. For example, a run of five above or below the central line calls for one to investigate for the cause of sustained poor performance

Term
052. The "p chart" is only useful for sampling that deals with continuous variables
Definition

False

p-charts record the results of attributes which are quality characteristics that are classified as either conforming or not conforming to specification. Goods or services may be observed to be either good or bad, or functioning or malfunctioning. For example, a lawnmower either runs or it doesn't; it attains a certain level of torque and horsepower or it doesn't. This type of measurement is known as sampling by attributes and involves discrete, not continuous measurements.

 

Term

053. The value for "z" used in quality control charts is based on the degree of confidence you want to have in the resulting UCL and LCL values.

 
Definition
True
Term
054. If the fraction defective is 0.12 based on a sample size of 16, the standard deviation used in the "p" chart is about 0.08
Definition

True

Equation 10.5

Term

055. If the fraction defective is 0.4 based on a sample size of 100, the standard deviation used in the "p" chart is about 0.10.


Definition

False

equation 10.5

Term
056. To obtain a 99.7 percent confidence level in a "p" chart we would use a value of 3 for "z".
Definition
True
Term

057. Acceptance sampling is performed on goods that already exist to determine what percentage of items conforms to specifications.


Definition
True
Term

058. In acceptance sampling, the number of units in the sample (n) is determined by the interaction of the acceptable quality level (AQL), the lot tolerance percent defective (LTPD), the probability of rejecting a high quality lot (alpha) and the probability of accepting a low quality lot (beta).

 
Definition
True
Term

059. In acceptance sampling, the value for the acceptance number (c) is determined by the interaction of the acceptable quality level (AQL), the lot tolerance percent defective (LTPD), the probability of rejecting a high quality lot (alpha) and the probability of accepting a low quality lot (beta).

 
Definition
True
Term

060. AQL stands for accepting questionable lots in production quality management


Definition

False 

Lots are defined as high quality if they contain no more than a specified level of defectives, termed the acceptable quality level (AQL)

Term
062. The Greek letter alpha is associated with consumer's risk
Definition

False

The probability associated with rejecting a high quality lot is denoted by the Greek letter alpha and is termed the producer's risk

Term

063. The probability associated with rejecting a high quality lot is denoted in acceptance sampling with the Greek letter alpha.

 
Definition
True
Term

064. The probability associated with accepting a low quality lot is denoted in acceptance sampling with the Greek letter alpha.

 
Definition

False

Term

065. The producer's risk associated with rejecting a high quality lot is denoted in acceptance sampling with the Greek letter beta.

 
Definition

False

Term

066. Total, one-hundred percent, inspection can never be cost justified.

 
Definition
False
Term

067. One-hundred percent inspection is justified when the cost of inspection is low.

 
Definition

False

Term

068. Sampling plans are generally displayed graphically through the use of operating characteristic (OC) curves.


Definition
True
Term

069. The capability index (Cpk) calculates the percentage of items being produced within specifications.

 
Definition

False

Term

070. The capability index (Cpk) indicates the position of the mean and tails of a process's variance relative to design specifications.


Definition
True
Term

071. Standard practice in statistical process control for variables is to set control limits so that 95 percent of the sample means will fall within the UCL and the LCL.


Definition

False

Term

072. In variables sampling the actual measurements of the variable observed are used regardless of whether the unit is good or bad.


Definition
True
Term

073. The philosophical leaders of the quality movement, Philip Crosby, W. Edwards Deming, and Joseph M. Juran had the same general message about what it took to achieve outstanding quality. Which of the following was not part of that message?

Quality is free
Leadership from senior management
Customer focus
Total involvement of the workforce
Continuous improvement
Definition
Quality is free
Term

075. An analytical tool used in six-sigma quality improvement programs is which of the following?

Leadership
Continuous improvement
Quick response
Partnership diagrams
Checksheets
Definition
Checksheets
Term

076. Which of the following is not an analytical tool used in six-sigma quality improvement programs?

Run charts
Pass charts
Cause-and-effect diagrams
Flowcharts
Pareto charts
Definition
Pass Charts
Term

077. A flow chart as part of a six-sigma quality improvement process might be found in which DMAIC category?

Define
Measure
Analyze
Improve
Control
Definition
Define
Term

078. A fishbone diagram as part of a six-sigma quality improvement process might be found in which DMAIC category?

Define
Measure
Analyze
Improve
Control
Definition
Analyze
Term

079. An opportunity flow diagram as part of a six-sigma quality improvement process might be found in which DMAIC category?

Define
Measure
Analyze
Improve
Control
Definition
Improve
Term

080. A Pareto chart as part of a six-sigma quality improvement process might be found in which DMAIC category?

Define
Measure
Analyze
Improve
Control
Definition
Measure
Term

081. Which of the following is an analytical tool used in six-sigma quality improvement programs?

Leadership
Pareto Charts
Management by fact
Continuous improvement
Kaizen
Definition
Pareto Charts
Term

082. Which of the following is not an analytical tool used in six-sigma quality improvement programs?

Flowcharts
Run charts
Control charts
Pareto diagrams
Decision diagrams
Definition
decision Diagrams
Term

083. Failure mode and effect analysis is used in six-sigma projects. It involves which of the following?

Closely examining each rejected part to determine the cause
A careful sampling plan
Calculating a risk priority number for each possible failure
Reporting the effect each failure has had on a customer
Multivariate testing
Definition
Calculating a risk priority number for each possible failure
Term

084. Design of experiments is a statistical methodology often used in six-sigma projects. It aims to accomplish which of the following?

Keep careful track of the occurrences of each possible defect
Determine the cause and effect relationships between process variables and output
Report defects to management on a Pareto chart
Carefully change each individual process variable until the cause of a defect is found
Eliminate defects by finding out whom or what is causing them
Definition

 

Determine the cause and effect relationships between process variables and outpu
Term

087. Which of the following are not eligible to be considered for the Baldrige Award?

Small businesses
Health care organizations
Educational institutions
State highway patrol organizations
Nuclear power plants
Definition

 

State highway patrol organizations
Term

088. The primary purpose of the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award is which of the following?

To encourage the spread of statistical quality control
To improve human resource development and management in manufacturing
To help companies review and structure their quality programs.
To prove that American firms were competitive in quality
To emphasize the use of quantitative methods in process management
Definition
To help companies review and structure their quality programs
Term

089. Applicants for the Baldrige Award for total quality management must submit an application of up to 50 pages that details the processes and results of their activities under seven major categories. Which of the following is one of those categories?

DMAIC
Analysis and Remember management
Standardization
Control
Inspection protocols
Definition
Analysis and Remember Management
Term

090. The Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award is given to organizations that have done which of the following?

Instituted a six-sigma approach to total quality control
Demonstrated a high level of product quality
Demonstrated outstanding quality in their products and processes
Have a world-class quality control function
Most significantly improved their product quality levels
Definition
Demonstrated outstanding quality in their products and processes
Term

091. Which of the following is not a category reported in applying for the Baldrige Award?

Corporate leadership
Use of statistical quality control tools
Business results
Consumer and market focus
Strategic planning
Definition
Use of statistical quality control tool
Term

092. The dimension of design quality that concerns the sensory characteristics of the product is which of the following?

Features
Serviceability
Perceived quality
Reputation
Aesthetics
Definition
Aesthetics
Term

093. The dimension of design quality that concerns the consistency of performance over time or the probability of failing is which of the following?

Response
Serviceability
Reliability
Reputation
Perceived quality
Definition
Reliability
Term

094. The dimension of design quality that concerns secondary characteristics is which of the following?

Features
Serviceability
Reliability
Reputation
Perceived quality
Definition
Features
Term

095. Which of the following is a dimension of design quality?

Price
Features
Color
Weight
Quality at the source
Definition
Features
Term

097. Which of the following are basic assumptions that justify an analysis of the costs of quality?

Failures are caused
Prevention is more expensive
Performance can be learned
Rules of thumb don't always work
Appraisal costs are less than prevention costs
Definition
failures are caused
Term

098. A cost of quality classification is which of the following?

Material costs
Prevention costs
Variable overhead
Direct labor
Inventory costs
Definition
Prevention Costs
Term

099. Which of the following is the cost of quality classification for costs such as scrap, rework, or repair?

Appraisal costs
Prevention costs
External failure costs
Internal failure costs
Rework and wastage
Definition
Internal Failure costs
Term

100. Which of the following is the cost of quality classification for costs such as inspection, testing, and other tasks to ensure that the product or process is acceptable?

Appraisal costs
Prevention costs
External failure costs
Internal failure costs
Checking costs
Definition
Appraisal costs
Term

101. Which of the following is the cost of quality classification for costs such as defects that pass through the system, such as customer warranty replacements, loss of customer or goodwill, handling complaints, and product repair?

Appraisal costs
Prevention costs
External failure costs
Customer return cost
Workmanship costs
Definition
External failure Costs
Term

101. Which of the following is the cost of quality classification for costs such as defects that pass through the system, such as customer warranty replacements, loss of customer or goodwill, handling complaints, and product repair?

Appraisal costs
Prevention costs
External failure costs
Customer return cost
Workmanship costs
Definition
Ecternal Failure Costs
Term

102. In monitoring process quality we might use which of the following statistics?

Absolute values
Percentage deviation from tolerance centers
"k" values for the sample mean
Logarithmic control intervals
Difference between the highest and lowest value in a sample
Definition
Difference between the hightest and lowest value in a sample
Term

103. You have just used the capability index (Cpk) formulas to compute the two values "min [2, 2.5]." Which of the following is the proper interpretation of these numbers?

The true capability index value is 2.5
The mean of the production process has shifted to the left of the design limits
The mean of the production process has shifted to the right of the design limits
The mean has not shifted at all
The true capability index value is between 2 and 2.5
Definition

 

The mean of the production process has shifted to the left of the design limits
Term

104. You have just used the capability index (Cpk) formulas to compute the two values "min [1, 1]." Which of the following is the proper interpretation of these numbers?

The true capability index value is exactly 1
The mean of the production process has shifted to the left of the design limits
The mean of the production process has shifted to the right of the design limits
The mean has not shifted at all
None of the above
Definition
The mean has not shifted at all
Term

105. You have just used the capability index (Cpk) formulas to compute the two values "min [1.5, 1]." Which of the following is the interpretation of these numbers?

The true capability index value is 1
The mean of the production process has shifted to the left of the design limits
The mean of the production process has shifted to the right of the design limits
The mean has not shifted at all
The true capability index value is between 1.5 and 1
Definition
The mean of the production process has shifted to the right of the design limits
Term

106. Quality control charts usually have a central line and upper and lower control limit lines. Which of the following is not a reason that the process being monitored with the chart should be investigated?

A large number of plots are close to the upper or lower control lines
Erratic behavior of the plots
A single plot falls above or below the control limits
A change in raw materials or operators
A run of five above the central line
Definition
A change in raw materials or operators
Term

107. Quality control charts usually have a central line and upper and lower control limit lines. Which of the following are reasons that the process being monitored with the chart should be investigated?

A single plot falls above or below the control limits
Normal behavior
A large number of plots are on or near the central line
No real trend in any direction
A change in raw materials or operators
Definition

 

A single plot falls above or below the control limits
Term

109. If there are 400 total defects from 8 samples, each sample consisting of 20 individual items in a production process, which of the following is the fraction defective that can be used in a "p" chart for quality control purposes?

400
160
2.5
1.0
0.4
Definition
2.5
Term

110. You want to determine the upper control line for a "p" chart for quality control purposes. You take several samples of a size of 100 items in your production process. From the samples you determine the fraction defective is 0.05 and the standard deviation is 0.01. If the desired confidence level is 99.7 percent, which of the following is the resulting UCL value for the line?

0.39
0.08
0.06
0.05
None of the above
Definition
0.08
Term

111. You want to determine the lower control line for a "p" chart for quality control purposes. You take several samples of a size of 50 items in your production process. From the samples you determine the fraction defective is 0.006 and the standard deviation is 0.001. If the desired confidence level is 99.7 percent, which of the following is the resulting LCL value for the line?

0.0
0.002
0.003
0.004
None of the above
Definition
0.003
Term

112. You want to determine the control lines for a "p" chart for quality control purposes. If the desired confidence level is 99 percent, which of the following values for "z" would you use in computing the UCL and LCL?

0.99
2
2.58
3
None of the above
Definition

2.58

Typically, z = 3 (99.7 percent confidence) or z = 2.58 (99 percent confidence) is used

Term

113. You want to determine the control lines for a "p" chart for quality control purposes. If the total number of defects from all samples is 2,500, the number of samples is 100, and the sample size is 50, which of the following would be the standard deviation used in developing the control lines?

0.4900
0.2499
0.1556
0.0707
0.02499
Definition

 

0.0707
Term

114. If there are 120 total defects from 10 samples, each sample consisting of 10 individual items in a production process, which of the following is the fraction defective that can be used in a "p" chart for quality control purposes?

120
10
8
1.2
0.8
Definition
1.2
Term

114. You want to determine the control lines for a "p" chart for quality control purposes. If the total number of defects from all samples is 560, the number of samples is 70, and the sample size is 80, which of the following would be the standard deviation used in developing the control lines?

0.9000
0.4556
0.0335
0.0011
0.0112
Definition
0.0335
Term

115. For which of the following should we use a "p" chart to monitor process quality?

Defective electrical switches
Errors in the length of a pencil
Weight errors in cans of soup
Temperature of entrees in a restaurant
Letter grades on a final examination
Definition
Defective Electrical Switches
Term

116. for which of the following should we use a "p" chart to monitor process quality?

The dimensions of brick entering a kiln
Lengths of boards cut in a mill
The weight of fluid in a container
Grades in a freshman "pass/fail" course
Temperatures in a classroom
Definition
grades in a freshman pass/fail class
Term

117. With which of the following should we use an "X-bar" chart based on sample means to monitor process quality?

Grades in a freshman "pass/fail" course
Tire pressures in an auto assembly plant
Vehicles passing emissions inspection
Computer software errors
Number of units with missing operations
Definition

 

Tire pressures in an auto assembly plant
Term

118. Which of the following should we use an "R" chart to monitor process quality?

Grades in a freshman "pass/fail" course
Tire pressures in an auto assembly plant
Vehicles passing emissions inspection
Computer software errors
Number of units with missing operations
Definition
Tire pressures in an auto assembly plant
Term

119. Which of the following should we use an "R" chart to monitor process quality?

Weighing trucks at a highway inspection station to determine if they are overloaded
Deciding whether an airliner has sufficient fuel for its trip
Student grades measured from 1 to 100
Determining whether vehicles from a motor pool will run
Determining the accuracy of a forecast of "snow
Definition
student grades measured from 1 to 100
Term

120. You are developing an "X-bar" chart based on sample means. You know the standard deviation of the sample means is 4, the desired confidence level is 99.7 percent, and the average of the sample means is 24. Which of the following is your UCL?

36
24
12
4
None of the above
Definition
36
Term

120. You are developing an "X-bar" chart based on sample means. You know the standard deviation of the sample means is 4, the desired confidence level is 99.7 percent, and the average of the sample means is 24. Which of the following is your UCL?

36
24
12
4
None of the above
Definition
36
Term

121. You are developing an "X-bar" chart based on sample means. You know the standard deviation of the sample means is 4, the desired confidence level is 99 percent, and the average of the sample means is 20. Which of the following is your LCL?

36
24
9.68
16.79
30.32
Definition
9.68
Term

123. You want to develop a three-sigma "R" chart. You know the average range is 12 based on several samples of size 6. Which of the following is the resulting LCL?

20.0
18.3
7.02
5.6
0.0
Definition
0.0
Term

The philosophical leaders of the quality movement, Philip Crosby, W. Edwards Deming, and Joseph M. Juran had the same general message about what it took to achieve outstanding quality. Which of the following was part of that message?

Fourteen steps for quality management
Quality is free
Customer focus
Zero defects
Six-sigma
Definition
Customer Focus
Term

You want to develop a three-sigma "R" chart. You know the average range is 5 based on several samples of size 10. Which of the following is the resulting UCL?

20.9
8.9
7.02
5
3.1
Definition
8.9
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