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| a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior, which arise from the interplay between nature (physiological push) and nurture (cognitive pull). |
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a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.
i.e. birds imprinting. |
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the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.
- When a physiological need increases, so does a psychological drive.
- we are pushed by our "need" to reduce drives, and we are pulled by incentives.
i.e. the food-deprived person who smells baking bread feels as a strong hunger drive. In the presence of that drive, the baking bread becomes a compelling incentives. |
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| a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level. |
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| a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior. |
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| Maslow's pyramid of human needs. Physiological needs must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active. |
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| the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger. |
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| the point at which as individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight. |
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| the body's resting rate of energy expenditure. |
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| the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. |
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| a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm. |
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a problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning.
- Male: premature ejaculation and erectile dysfunction
- Women: orgasmic dysfunction |
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| sex hormones, such as estradiol, secreted in greater amounts by females by males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhuman female mammals, estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity. |
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| the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty. |
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| an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either on's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation). This is neither willfully chosen nor willfully changed. |
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| later replaced by evolutionary perspective, focuses on genetically predisposed behaviors. |
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| Lacking stimulation, we feel bored and look for a way to increase arousal to some optimum level, but given too much stimulation, we feel stressed and look for a way to decrease arousal. |
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Definition
1. Physiological needs
2. Safety needs
3. Belongingness and love needs
4. Esteem needs
5. Self-actualization needs
6. Self-transcendence needs |
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| What physiological factors produce hunger? |
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1. People regulate their caloric intake to prevent energy deficits and maintain a stable body weight.
2. Low level of glucose causes the brain to trigger hunger. |
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Monitors levels of the body's appetite hormones. There are two distinct centers that influence eating:
1. Lateral hypothalamus: brings on hunger by triggering the hormone orexin.
2. Ventromedial hypothalamus: depresses hunger. |
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| a hunger-arousing hormone. |
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| sends out a fullness signal that suppresses hunger. |
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| a hormone secreted by the digestive tract. |
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| a protein that is secreted by fat cells and acts to diminish the rewarding pleasure of food. |
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| is an ideal form of stored energy: a high-calorie fuel reserve to carry the body through periods when food is scarce. |
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| an eating disorder in which a person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve. |
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| an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise. |
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| significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa. |
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| The social effects of obesity |
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| Obesity can also be socially toxic, by affecting both how you are treated and how you feel about yourself. Weight discrimination occurs at every stage of the employment cycle and is, indeed, more likely to affect women. |
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| is nature's clever way of making people procreate, thus enabling their genes' survival. The desires and pleasures of sex are our genes' way of preserving and spreading themselves. |
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| men's and women's genital areas become engorged with blood. |
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| excitement peaks as breathing, pulse, and blood pressure rates continue to increase. |
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| muscle contractions all over the body, there is a further increase in breathing, pulse, and blood pressure rates. |
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| the male enters a refractory period, lasting from a few minutes to a day or more. |
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| How do sex hormones influence human sexual motivation? |
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Definition
1. They direct the physical development of male and female sex characteristics.
2. They activate sexual behavior. |
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| How are hunger and sex different? The same? |
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| Hunger responds to a need. Sex is NOT a need. Both depend on internal physiological factor and both are influenced by external, imaged stimuli, and cultural expectations. |
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| What factors influence teen pregnancy? |
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Definition
1. Ignorance
2. Minimal communication about birth control
3. Guilt related sexual activity
4. Alcohol use
5. Mass media norms |
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| Women respond more nonspecifically to depictions of sexual activity involves males or females. |
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| Fraternal birth-order effect |
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| Men who have older brothers are also somewhat more likely to be gay. |
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| What evidence points to our human need to belong? |
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Definition
We have a need to affiliate with others, even to become strongly attached to certain others in enduring, close relationships.
- Social bonds boosted our ancestors' survival rate. |
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| What occurs when our need for relatedness is fulfilled? |
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| There is a deep sense of well-being and our self-esteem rides high. Much of our social behavior therefore aims to increase our belonging. |
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| social exclusion, which threatens one's need to belong. |
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