Term
| Inferiority complex (10.28) |
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Definition
| A feeling of inferiority that is largely unconscious, with its roots in childhood. |
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Term
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Definition
| Making up for one's real or imagined deficiencies. |
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Definition
| Stable personality characteristics that are presumed to exist within the individual and guide his or her thoughts and actions under various conditions. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to trait theory, traits that form the basis of personality. |
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Term
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Definition
| In trait theory, preferences and attitudes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Personality components that define people's lives; very few individuals have cardinal traits |
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Term
| Self-actualizing personalities (10.34) |
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Definition
| Healthy individuals who have met their basic needs and are free to be creative and fulfill their potentialities. |
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Term
| Fully functioning person (10.35) |
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Definition
| Carl Rogers's term for a healthy, self-actualizing individual, who has a self-concept that is both positive and congruent with reality. |
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Term
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Definition
| Our psychological reality, composed of one's perceptions and feelings. |
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Term
| Positive psychology (10.37) |
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Definition
| A recent movement within psychology, focusing on desirable aspects of human functioning, as opposed to an emphasis on psychopathology. |
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Term
| Observational learning (10.38) |
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Definition
| The process of learning new responses by watching others' behavior. |
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Term
| Reciprocal determinism (10.39) |
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Definition
| The process in which cognitions, behavior, and the environment mutually influence each other. |
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Term
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Definition
| An individual's sense of where his or her life influences originate. |
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Term
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Definition
| Four body fluids - blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile - that, according to an ancient theory, control personality by their relative abundance. |
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Term
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Definition
| The basic and pervasive personality dispositions that are apparent in early childhood and that establish the tempo and mood of the individual's behaviors. |
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Term
| Five-factor theory (10.43) |
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Definition
| A trait perspective suggesting that personality is composed of five fundamental personality dimensions: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. |
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Term
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Definition
| A widely used personality assessment instrument that gives scores on ten important clinical traits. Also called the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory |
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Term
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Definition
| An attribute of a psychological test that gives consistent results. |
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Term
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Definition
| An attribute of a psychological test that actually measures what it is being used to measure. |
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Term
| Person-situation controversy (10.47) |
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Definition
| A theoretical dispute concerning the relative contribution of personality factors and situational factors in controlling behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to especially important dimensions or clusters of traits that are not only central to a person's personality but are found with essentially the same pattern in many people. |
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Term
| Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (10.49) |
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Definition
| Also known as MBTI, a widely used personality test based on Jungian types. |
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Term
| Implicit personality theory (10.50) |
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Definition
| Assumptions about personality that are held by people (especially nonpsychologists)to simplify the task of understanding others. |
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Term
| Fundamental attribution error (10.51) |
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Definition
| The assumption that another person's behavior, especially clumsy, inappropriate, or otherwise undesirable behavior, is the result of a flaw in the personality, rather than in the situation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Susceptibility to neurotic problems. |
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Term
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Definition
| A personality descriptor indicating the "outgoing" nature of some individuals. |
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Term
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Definition
| A personality descriptor indicating the quiet and reserved nature |
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Term
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Definition
| Either switching theories to explain different situations or building one's own theory of personality from pieces borrowed form many perspectives. |
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Term
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Definition
| The psychological qualities that bring continuity to an individual's behavior in different situations and at different times. |
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Term
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Definition
| Freud's system of treatment for mental disorders. The term is often used to refer to psychoanalytic theory, as well. |
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Term
| Psychoanalytic Theory (10.03) |
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Definition
| Freud's theory of personality. |
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Term
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Definition
| In Freudian theory, this is the psychic domain of which the individual is not aware but that is the storehouse of repressed impulses, drives, and conflicts unavailable to consciousness. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Freudian concept of psychic energy that drives individuals to experience sensual pleasure. |
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Term
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Definition
| The primitive, unconscious portion of the personality that houses the most basic drives and stores repressed memories. |
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Term
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Definition
| The mind's storehouse of values, including moral attitudes learned from parents and from society; roughly the same as the common notion of the conscience. |
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Term
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Definition
| The conscious, rational part of the personality, charged with keeping peace between the superego and the id. |
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Term
| Psychosexual stages (10.09) |
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Definition
| Successive, instinctive patterns of associating pleasure with stimulation of specific bodily areas at different times of life. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Freud, a largely unconscious process whereby boys displace an erotic attraction toward their mother to females of their own age and, at the same time, identify with their fathers. |
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Term
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Definition
| The mental process by which an individual tries to become like another person, especially the same-sex parent. |
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Term
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Definition
| According to Freud, the female desire to have a penis - a condition that usually results in their attraction to males. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when psychosexual development is arrested at an immature stage. |
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Term
| Ego defense mechanism (10.14) |
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Definition
| Largely unconscious mental strategies employed to reduce the experience of conflict or anxiety. |
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Term
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Definition
| An unconscious process that excludes unacceptable thoughts and feelings from awareness and memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Personality assessment instruments, such as the Rorschach and TAT, which are based on Freud's ego defense mechanism of projection. |
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Term
| Rorschach Inkblot Technique (10.17) |
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Definition
| A projective test requiring subjects to describe what they see in a series of ten inkblots. |
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Term
| Thematic Apperception Test (10.18) |
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Definition
| Also known as TAT, a projective test requiring subjects to make up stories that explain ambiguous pictures. |
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Term
| Psychic determinism (10.19) |
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Definition
| Freud's assumption that all our mental and behavioral responses are caused by unconscious traumas, desires, or conflicts. |
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Term
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Definition
| Literally "New Freudians"; refers to theorists who broke with Freud but whose theories retain a psychodynamic aspect, especially a focus on motivation as the source of energy for the personality. |
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Term
| Personal unconscious (10.21) |
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Definition
| Jung's ter mfor that portion of the unconscious corresponding roughly to the Freudian id. |
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Term
| Collective unconscious (10.22) |
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Definition
| Jung's addition to the unconscious, involving a reservoir for instinctive "memories," including the archetypes, which exist in all people. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ancient memory images in the collective unconscious. They appear and reappear in art, literature, and folktales around the world. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Jungian dimension that focuses on inner experience - one's own thoughts and feelings - making the introvert less outgoing and sociable than the extravert. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Jungian personality dimension involving turning one's attention outward, toward others. |
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Term
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Definition
| An emotion, proposed by Karen Horney, that gives a sense of uncertainty and loneliness in a hostile world and can lead to maladjustment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Signs of neurosis in Horney's theory, these 10 needs are normal desires carried to a neurotic extreme. |
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